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Exotic Animal Formulary5

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Table 5-49

Selected Arrhythmias and Some Documented Causes in Birds. 56

Arrhythmias ECG Changes Causes

Excitability Disturbances

Respiratory

sinus

arrhythmia

Sinus

bradycardia

Sinus

tachycardia

Atrial

tachycardia

Atrial

fibrillation

Ventricular

premature

contraction

(VPC)

Ventricular

tachycardia

Ventricular

fibrillation

Slowing of HR during

expiration

Low HR, normal sinus

rhythm

High HR, normal sinus

rhythm

Series of fast atrial

extrasystoles

No normal P waves,

irregular SS

intervals

Wide, bizarre QRS

unrelated to P

Series of VPC

Chaotic ventricular

depolarization

Physiologic

Vagal stimulation, atropine, anesthesia,

hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, vitamin E

deficiency, vitamin B 1 deficiency,

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Sympathetic, catecholamine stimulation

Atrial distension, ectopic foci

Atrial enlargements, cardiac disease

Ectopic foci, hypokalemia, vitamin B 1 deficiency,

vitamin E deficiency, PMV-1, AI, myocardial

infarction

Similar causes as for VPCs

Myocardial hypoxia, shock, severe disorders

Conduction Disturbances

1st-degree AV

block

2nd-degree AV

block

3rd-degree AV

block

Bundle branch

block

Long PR intervals

Long PR intervals,

some P without

QRS

Escape ventricular

rhythm (slow and

bizarre QRS), no

consistent PR

Short PR, bizarre and

widened QRS

Anesthetics, increased vagal tone

Anesthetics, increased vagal tone, occasionally

normal in pigeons, parrots, raptors

Severe cardiomegaly

Lead, myopathy, myocarditis, uncommon in birds

471

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