Exotic Animal Formulary5

Table 5-51
Echocardiographic Reference Intervals (mm) in Selected Avian Species Obtained in
the Horizontal Four-Chamber View. a,58
Parameter
African Grey
Parrots
Amazon
Parrots
Cockatoos Diurnal
Raptors b
Pigeons
(Parasternal)
n 60 10 10 100 50
Left ventricle
Systole
length
Systole
width
18.4-26
4.8-8.8
16.5-25.7
4.3-9.1
16.4-21.6
3.0-
9.8
9.1-20.3
4.1-8.5
15.9-19.9
4.4-6.0
Diastole
length
Diastole
width
20.2-27.8
6.6-10.6
17.7-26.5
6.4-10.4
16.7-23.1
5.3-
11.3
11.0-21.8
5.3-10.1
17.3-22.9
6.2-8.6
FS (%) 13.8-31.4 14.4-31.2 11.6-39.6 — —
Right ventricle
Systole
length
Systole width
6.4-12.0
1.0-4.6
5.8-13.0
1.7-4.5
7.9-12.7
7.9-
12.7
7.3-18.1
0.9-3.3
—
Diastole
length
Diastole
width
7.7-15.3
2.6-7.0
7.7-12.9
2.6-7.8
6.7-15.9
2.5-
4.5
8.9-18.9
0.9-4.1
8.3-11.5
3.0-5.0
Aorta
FS (%) 17.0-64.6 26.7-41.5 12.7-53.9 — —
Systole
diameter
Diastole
diameter
2.8-4.4
2.8-5.2
2.0-4.0
2.2-4.6
—
—
—
2-3.6
—
2.8-3.2
a
To obtain a 95% reference interval, all published results in the form of mean ± SD were reported as
mean ± 2SD and in the form of mean ± sem were reported as mean ± 2sem√n, when only the range or a
95% reference interval was published, it was reported as is. FS, fractional shortening. Echocardiographic
measurements may not be reliable and clinically useful.
b
European diurnal raptors included common buzzard, European sparrowhawk, northern goshawk, and
black kite.
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