Exotic Animal Formulary5

Vitamin B1
(thiamine)
— Thiamine deficiency; requirements may be
higher if thiaminase is present in diet b
1-2 mg/kg PO
q24h 333
1-2 mg/kg IM
q24h 333
Raptors, penguins, cranes/daily supplement
Vultures, raptors, cranes, penguins/CNS signs
1-3 mg/kg IM q7d 333 Most species, including raptors
1-50 mg/kg PO
q24h × 7 days or
indefinitely 333
Raptors
2 mg/kg IM 806 Ratites/curly toe paralysis
3-30 mg/kg IM
q7d 333
4 mg/kg IM once,
then 2 mg/kg
PO q12h × 5
days 116
Raptors/stimulates appetite, hematopoiesis;
neuromuscular disease; liver disease;
supportive therapy; adjunct to sulfa therapy
Juvenile goshawks/thiamine deficiency with
neurologic signs
1-2 mg/kg feed 333 Vultures
Vitamin B 12
(cyanocobalamin)
25-30 mg/kg fish
(wet basis) 74
2850 mg/L drinking
water q7d 333
0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM
q7d 333
Piscivorous species/recommended level of
supplementation
Pigeons
Most species, including psittacines,
raptors/anemia
2-5 mg/bird SC Pigeons/vitamin B 12 deficiency
Vitamin B complex — Usually dosed based on thiamine (see vitamin
B 1 ); death has been reported in falcons
following injections, which was attributed
to an overdose of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine); 699
has been used to treat folate and cobalamin
dietary deficiency in a hyacinth macaw 299
Vitamin C (ascorbic
acid)
Vitamin D 3 (Vital E-
A + D, Schering)
20-50 mg/kg IM q1-
7d 333
150 mg/kg PO
q24h 313
Most species, including raptors/nutritional
support; supplemental therapy for pox
infection
Willow ptarmigan chicks/PD; supplemental
daily requirements over 265 mg/kg diet
1 µg = 40 U; macaws are more susceptible to
toxic side effects; vitamin D 2 is poorly
effective in birds 177
384