Exotic Animal Formulary5

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• A large percentage of amphibians are too small to safely take routine blood samples.Even larger specimens can present venipuncture challenges. See Table 3.8 forvenipuncture sites in amphibians. Normal ranges for bloodwork parameters are notavailable for the vast majority of species which creates interpretive challenges.• Specific infectious disease testing• It is paramount that all amphibians entering quarantine (whether wild caught orcaptive bred) be screened for chytridiomycosis and ranavirus infection. Polymerasechain reaction tests are available for both pathogens, although chytrid fungus mayalso be detected via cytology of skin scrapings. Other specific pathogen testing willdepend on individual circumstances.Prophylactic Treatment• Fluid therapy• Newly captured or shipped amphibians can be stressed and dehydrated. AmphibianRinger’s solution (see Table 3.6) can be used as a bath to help hydrate the animal andreplenish solutes.• Deworming• It is impractical to impossible to completely clear most amphibians of parasites.Treatment is aimed at reducing overall parasite burden. Treatment should address theresults of diagnostic testing, otherwise empirical therapy with broad-spectrumanthelminthics is recommended.• Treatment for chytridiomycosis• Animals brought into captivity from areas suffering local declines due tochytridiomycosis should always be prophylactically treated. In other situations, it isrecommended to avoid treatment unless an infection is diagnosed to avoiddevelopment of resistance to available drugs.Maintenance and Hygiene• A variety of disinfectants are available for use in amphibian applications. Care should betaken to choose a product that meets the disinfection needs but is not unsafe for theamphibians.• Heat, desiccation, and ultraviolet light can be used, in some cases, to disinfectequipment and materials without the hazards associated with chemical use.• Proper disposal of solid waste/water is paramount to avoid exposure of nativeamphibians in the area to novel pathogens. At the least, wastewater should only bediscarded into a sanitary sewer and solid waste be deeply buried or transferred to alandfill. Best practices involve treating all waste that comes in contact with quarantinedamphibians as potential biohazardous waste and disposing of accordingly. Wastewaterand other materials should never be discarded into the environment in a manner whereexposure to native amphibians is likely.Infectious Disease ScreeningThere are a number of laboratories that will perform various tests to document exposure toor presence of chytrid fungus or ranavirus particles via PCR. It is up to the clinician toevaluate the tests run by the various laboratories and interpret the results accordingly.120
The following are contact information for laboratories that perform ranavirus and/orchytrid testing. This list is by no means conclusive, and contact information was verifiedas of September 16, 2016.Amphibian Disease LaboratorySan Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd.Escondido, CA 92027, USA760-291-5472 or 760-291-5470http://institute.sandiegozoo.org/resources/amphibian-disease-laboratoryChytridiomycosis and ranavirusPisces Molecular1600 Range St., Suite 201Boulder, CO 80301, USA303-546-9300www.pisces-molecular.comChytridiomycosisResearch Associates Laboratory14556 Midway Rd.Dallas, TX 75244, USA972-960-2221www.vetdna.comChytridiomycosisZoologix9811 Owensmouth Ave., Suite 4Chatsworth, CA 91311, USA818-717-8880www.zoologix.comChytridiomycosis, ranavirus, and various Mycobacterium speciesA more complete list of laboratories for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis testing can be foundat: http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/A more complete list of laboratories in various countries for ranavirus testing can befound through the Global Ranavirus Consortium at:http://www.ranavirus.org/resources/testing-labs/References a1 Adami C., d’Ovidio D., Casoni D. Alfaxalone-butorphanol versus alfaxalonemorphinecombination for immersion anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads(Bombina orientalis). Lab Anim. 2016;50:204–211.2 Adami C., Spadavecchia C., Angeli G., d’Ovidio D. Alfaxalone anesthesia byimmersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis). Vet Anaesth Analg.2015;42:547–551.121
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Exotic AnimalFormularyFIFTH EDITION
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Chapter 3: AmphibiansChapter 4: Rep
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Copyright3251 Riverport LaneSt. Lou
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Printed in the United States of Ame
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James W. CarpenterI dedicate this b
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Michelle G. Hawkins, VMD, Diplomate
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ForewordThe practice of exotic anim
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Formulary. In addition to the 295 d
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the medical care you provide to you
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About the EditorsAbout the editorJa
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C H A P T E R 1InvertebratesGregory
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Fluconazole5 mg/L×24 hrimmersion 1
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Tetracycline10 mg/kg POq24h 63Aquac
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(Interceptor,Novartis)0.16 mg/L as
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and 2 hr at high dose0.025-1 mg/kg
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inject into a strawberry and feed t
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Desert millipede (Orthoporus sp.)Gi
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13 Chair M., Nelis H.J., Leger P.,
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43 Lehmann D.W. Reef systems. In: L
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75 Vidal-Naquet N. Honeybees. In: L
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Acriflavine 4 mg/L×4h 118 Rainbow
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treatments q24-48h; 19-28 mg/Lfor 3
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25 mg/kg ICe q24h 129 Corkwing wras
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Kanamycin sulfate (Kantrex,Apotheco
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100 mg/L×6 hr 23 Tilapia/no residu
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10 mg/kg PO q24h×5days 47Channel c
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many plants; copper removed byactiv
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Formalin — Formalin combination f
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50-60 mg/L×10-30 secbath 100100 mg
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brine shrimp 5500 mL volume for 30
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bath 10050-500 mg/Lbath 10070 mg/L
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MS-222 (Tricaine-S,Syndel USA)— S
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neutralizerDexamethasone 1-2 mg/kg
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produce at least a6:1 ratio (w/w) o
Page 70 and 71: PCV (%) 31±7.3 35 (24-43)RBC (10 6
Page 72 and 73: Globulin (g/dL) — 1.7A:G (ratio)
Page 74 and 75: A:G (ratio) 0.33 —Sodium (mmol/L)
Page 76 and 77: MeasurementaBonnethead shark(Sphyrn
Page 78 and 79: Globulin (g/dL) — 2.2 (1.4-3.6)A:
Page 80 and 81: an intensive eel-culture system. Aq
Page 82 and 83: 46 Gilmartin W.G., Camp B.J., Lewis
Page 84 and 85: 74 Iosifidou E.G., Haagsma N., Olli
Page 86 and 87: 106 Ovaprim (salmon gonadotropin re
Page 88 and 89: punctatus). Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:2
Page 90 and 91: 90
Page 92 and 93: Amikacin5 mg/kg IMq36h 59Bullfrogs/
Page 94 and 95: bath a,59Ofloxacin 0.3%ophthalmicso
Page 96 and 97: some individuals0.5-1.5 mg/L×5 min
Page 98 and 99: (F)/ivermectin (I)(I) 0.2 mg/kg PO
Page 100 and 101: 25 g/L×≤10 min bath 59 Ectoparas
Page 102 and 103: frogs0.35 mL in 1 L purifiedwater 1
Page 104 and 105: anesthesia; induction within30 min;
Page 106 and 107: Table 3-5Hormones Used in Amphibian
Page 108 and 109: Dexamethasone 1.5 mg/kg SC, IM 59 V
Page 110 and 111: Table 3-7Physiologic and Hematologi
Page 112 and 113: Table 3-8Blood Collection Sites in
Page 114 and 115: FluctuantmassCornealopacitySudden d
Page 116 and 117: HydrocoelomCloacalprolapseLamenessI
Page 118 and 119: Table 3-11Guidelines for Managing P
Page 122 and 123: 3 Allender M.C., Fry M.M. Amphibian
Page 124 and 125: 33 Martel A., Van Rooij P., Vercaut
Page 126 and 127: reference intervals for health moni
Page 128 and 129: Amikacin — Potentially nephrotoxi
Page 130 and 131: Chloramphenicol — Most species/pu
Page 132 and 133: 50 mg/250 mL sterilewater; 1-3 mL/n
Page 134 and 135: 45 mg/kg q24h 103 nephrotoxic; main
Page 136 and 137: Chlorhexidine (Nolvasan2%, Fort Dod
Page 138 and 139: PO×47 days 347,383anamorph of Nann
Page 140 and 141: Levamisole (Levasole13.65%,Mallinck
Page 142 and 143: Pyrantel pamoate5 mg/kg PO, repeat
Page 144 and 145: Agent Dosage Species/CommentsAcepro
Page 146 and 147: Butorphanol(B)/midazolam (Mi)Dexmed
Page 148 and 149: 0.5-2 mg/kg IM 211 CrocodiliansGlyc
Page 150 and 151: Ketamine(K)/butorphanol (B)See (K)
Page 152 and 153: with chemical immobilization0.158 m
Page 154 and 155: 10-18 mg/kg ICe 269 Chelonians7.5-1
Page 156 and 157: recovery periodsThiopental 19-31 mg
Page 158 and 159: Carprofen1-4 mg/kg PO, SC,IM, IV q2
Page 160 and 161: IM 90,350,351,353depression), fresh
Page 162 and 163: Levothyroxine0.02 mg/kg POq48h 132G
Page 164 and 165: Calcium gluconate 50-100 mg/kg SC,
Page 166 and 167: q24h 242Emeraid Herbivore (Lafeber)
Page 168 and 169: apart 191Ringer’s solution for re
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Vitamin E/selenium (L-Se,Schering)1
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CisplatinCyclophosphamideuntil defe
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release pellets(InnovativeResearch
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Chloride (mEq/L) 125 (108-138) 131
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Albumin (g/dL) b 2.1 (1.2-2.9) 2.1
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Lymphocytes(10 3 /µL)2.59 (0.60-6.
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Chloride (mEq/L) 122 (105-139) 119
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Albumin (g/dL) b 2.0 (0.8-3.2) 2.3
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MCHC (g/dL) 32 (19-46) 21 (14-36) 2
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RBC (10 6 /µL) 1.3 (1-1.7) 1.4 (1.
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(g/dL)Albumin (g/dL) b 2.2 (2.1-2.3
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Triglyceride(mg/dL)135 (17-476) 35
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Heterophils (10 3 /µL)Lymphocytes(
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µL)Azurophils (10 3 /µL)Eosinophi
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(10 3 /µL)Basophils (10 3 /µL)0.1
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(mg/dL)Creatine kinase(U/L)153 (23-
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Glucose (mg/dL) 53 (4-113) 54 (21-1
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(mg/dL)Uric acid (mg/dL) 0.5 (0-1.2
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Russian tortoise(Agrionemyshorsfiel
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Powder,NOWFoods)Baby foodsCommercia
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Table 4-14Guidelines for Tracheal/P
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aGenerally recommended to collect o
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• Lack of UVA and UVB light spect
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Table 4-18Selected Sources of Diets
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soldier fly larvae,roaches, rice fl
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under tank heaterHumidity DevicesEx
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and subcutaneous tramadol administr
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farmacologica com cetamina e xilazi
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DVM. 1998;1:23.80 Divers S.J. Anest
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Med Surg. 2009;19:106-114.113 Giann
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ketamine anesthesia with atipamezol
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kinetics of gentamicin and amikacin
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206 Kolmstetter C.M., Cox S., Ramsa
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turtles, Lepidochelys kempi. J Zoo
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270 Millichamp N.J. Ophthalmology.
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(Trachemys scripta elegans). J Zoo
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334 Schaeffer D.O. Anesthesia and a
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ceftazidime in loggerhead sea turtl
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disposition of clarithromycin in th
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Agent Dosage Species/CommentsAmikac
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q12h × 5days 11255-110 mg/kg POq12
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q12-24h 198,202100 mg/kg IMq12h 566
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25-50 mg/kg IM,IV q12h 66750-75 mg/
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100 mg/kg POq8-12h 318100 mg/kg POq
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solution/Ldrinkingwater 668applicat
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against Gram-negative organisms;act
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25-50 mg/kg POq12-24h 33335 mg/kg P
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× 3 days 689Doxycyline hyclate cap
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q24h 32025-50 mg/Ldrinkingwater 981
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Table 5-44)10 mg/kg POq12h 5115-20
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25-50 mg/kg POq12h 31535-50 mg/kg P
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10 mg/kg POq24h 20310 mg/kg PO q8-1
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200 mg/kg IMq24h 51,76130-400 mg/Ld
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Rifabutin (Mycobutin, Pfizer)wash o
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Tetracycline — Broad-spectrum tet
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q8-12h 56620 mg/kg SC, IMq12h 14830
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50 mg/L drinkingwater 685250-400 mg
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q24h × 5 days 685Inject 10 mg/kgin
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q6h × 20-90 days 35820-75 mg/kg PO
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Ketoconazole — Imidazole antifung
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SilversulfadiazineSTA solution(sali
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14 days 3581000 mg/Ldrinkingwater 1
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25-50 mg/kg PO q24h ×3-4 days 760
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1-2 days 38,135 pigeons, psittacine
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30 mg/kg PO once 135 Raptors1.1 or
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dose in hot weather andhigher dose
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30 mg/kg PO q24h × 5-8 days 16 Fal
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250 mg/L drinking water× 3-7 days
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7.5 mg/kg PO, SC 112 Ostriches7.5 m
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days 135Melarsomine dihydrochloride
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99 mg/kg feed 122,482 Sandhill cran
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Permethrin Dust plumage lightly 38
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Primaquine a — Pigeons, raptors,
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safety margin 1944.5 mg/kg PO, repe
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water × 5 days 13560 mg/L drinking
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Sulfadimethoxine (12.5%) 20 mg/kg P
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of coccidiosis;contraindicated with
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10 mg/kg PO q48h × 3treatments 381
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480 mg/L drinking waterq24h 135Pige
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Alfaxalone (A)/fentanyl (F)(A) 20 m
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0.25 mg/kg IM 505 Red-tailed hawks/
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use in any avian speciesDetomidine
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0.05-0.5 mg/kg IV 333 Most species0
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0.025 mg/kg IM 333 OstrichesEtorphi
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0.6 mg/kg0.1, 0.3, and0.6 mg/kg IM
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(K) 10 mg/kg + (D)0.2 mg/kg IM 31 P
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(K) 8 mg/kg IV + (X) Ostriches/keta
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intranasally with sternalrecumbency
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1-2.4% + (V)0.2 mg/kg IV 416,418aPe
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procedures; 263 recommend 3-5 mg/kg
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dorsal recumbency at either dose;re
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lead to banning of diclofenac in In
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shortest half-life (0.49 hr) of any
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Buserelin (Receptal,Intervet India)
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Insulin40-50 mg/kg IVq24h 8060.002
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5-50 mg/kg SC, IMq4-6wk 3815-30 mg/
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2-8 mg/kg SC, IMonce 388-8.5 mg/kg
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Dexamethasonesodiumphosphate5%-10%
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0.5 mL saline 333Voriconazole10 mg/
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Charcoal, activated — Adsorbs tox
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(M)/activatedcharcoal (C)Magnesium
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Agent Dosage Species/CommentsAmitri
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0.5 mg/kg PO 280 ’Amakihi/calm fr
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Levetiracetam750 µg/kg; BW≤300 g
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80 mg/kg POq24h 9580 mg/kg PO q12h
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Calcium gluconate(10%)— Hypocalce
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parts water; 3drops into 100mL drin
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Vitamin B1(thiamine)— Thiamine de
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stable, thenq24h × 14 days 3332.5
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Edetate disodium ophthalmicdrops1 d
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(0.5%) 1 drop/eye topical 773 Hispa
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bilateral application1 drop of 0.4%
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inappetence; frequency was notdeter
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Vincristine sulfate 0.1 mg/kg IV q7
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powder 660Tobramycin — Release fo
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12h 3334 mg/kg IM q12h 742 Pionus p
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hypoK: 40mEq/LSevere hypoK:60 mEq/L
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F18 injection,Siemens)37 MBq (1 mCi
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Amazon parrots/PD; contrast fluoros
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water 333Diphenoxylate withatropine
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contrast media; 1:1 dilution with w
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sulfate 3331 mL combined withminera
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Skin-So-Soft (Avon)Topical to affec
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H:L ratio — — —ChemistriesALP
Page 418 and 419:
Colorimetric 32-117 12-112 44-108BU
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Glucose (mg/dL) 214-302 217-323 220
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Prealbumin(g/dL)— 0.12-0.42 —α
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Uric acid (mg/dL) 2.5-12 2.9-10.6 4
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species) (n alba) 142 (n species) a
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MCH (pg) 26-55 38.4 ± 3.6MCHC (g/d
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Chloride (mEq/L) — 100 ± 16 —C
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MeasurementHematologyBald Eagle (Ha
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ALT (U/L) 3-50 —AST (U/L) 76-492
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HematologyPCV (%) 43 ± 3.2 49 ± 2
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Fibrinogen (g/L) — — —Chemist
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MeasurementGreat Gray Owl(Strix neb
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Biologic and Physiologic Values of
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Eurasianeagle owl2-4 34-36 2-3 Firs
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LymphocytesMonocytesEosinophilsBaso
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dirty nail clip;carnivorousbirds ha
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Table 5-30Lipoprotein Panel of Sele
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Table 5-32Approximate Resting Respi
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Bald eagle — 14 ± 2 21.5 ± 1.7
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Table 5-36Fluid Therapy Recommendat
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Calculation of Enteral Feeding Requ
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Table 5-40Doxycycline Recipes Used
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Table 5-42Selected Nutritional Reco
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Protocols Used in Treating Mycobact
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in Critical Birds. aEmergency DrugD
Page 468 and 469:
Nobilis Lasota,Intervet)eyes— Add
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consciousbirds 869Direct in birdsun
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Table 5-50ECG Measurements Referenc
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Table 5-52Spectral Doppler Echocard
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the effective dose by 25% every 3 w
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References1 Aarons J. First aid and
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containing tris-[hydroxymethyl] ami
Page 482 and 483:
60 Beaufrère H., Holder K.A., Baue
Page 484 and 485:
1, 2016.91 Boothe D.M. Antifungal a
Page 486 and 487:
120 Carpenter J.W. Personal observa
Page 488 and 489:
camelus var. domesticus). Anim Sci
Page 490 and 491:
Libyostrongylus dentatus in ostrich
Page 492 and 493:
Publishing; 1994:1030-1052.211 Dyer
Page 494 and 495:
243 Flammer K. Antifungal drug upda
Page 496 and 497:
276 Gancz A.Y., Malka S., Sandmeyer
Page 498 and 499:
303c Guzman D.S., Drazenovich T.L.,
Page 500 and 501:
versus lateral recumbency on the ca
Page 502 and 503:
367 Jalanka H.H. New alpha two adre
Page 504 and 505:
2013;27:44-52.399 Keller K.A., Beau
Page 506 and 507:
coccidiosis in domestic pigeons (Co
Page 508 and 509:
anesthesia in ratites. J Am Vet Med
Page 510 and 511:
486 Maier K., Olias P., Gruber A.D.
Page 512 and 513:
520 Mohan R. Mycoplasma in ratites.
Page 514 and 515:
2017.549 National Research Council.
Page 516 and 517:
Conf Avian Herp Exot Mam Med. 2015;
Page 518 and 519:
609 Phalen D.N. Preventive medicine
Page 520 and 521:
a single oral dose and administrati
Page 522 and 523:
675 Roberts M.F. Pigeons. Jersey Ci
Page 524 and 525:
thermal antinociceptive effects of
Page 526 and 527:
736 Shlosberg A., Egyed M.N., Eilat
Page 528 and 529:
768 Steinhort L.A. Diagnosis and tr
Page 530 and 531:
798 Ter Beest J., McClean M., Cushi
Page 532 and 533:
without ketamine and detomidine alo
Page 534 and 535:
860 Wlaź P., Knaga S., Kasperek K.
Page 536 and 537:
C H A P T E R 6Backyard Poultry and
Page 538 and 539:
drinking water×3-5 days 12315-20 m
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continuouslythroughout feedingperio
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12h 32(PK), ducksPoultry/restricted
Page 544 and 545:
100-200 g/ton offeed×7-14 days 165
Page 546 and 547:
10 mg/kg PO q12h× Chickens/PK; hig
Page 548 and 549:
Gentamicin sulfate (Garasol, Interv
Page 550 and 551:
staphylococcalinfections 1665-8 mg/
Page 552 and 553:
7 days 165Oxytetracycline (Terramyc
Page 554 and 555:
60 mg/kg PO q24h×7 days 69 Poultry
Page 556 and 557:
Agent Dosage Species/CommentsCopper
Page 558 and 559:
Table 6-3Antiviral and Immunomodula
Page 560 and 561:
Cypermethrin (5%) (Max Con, Y-Tex)t
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80 mg/kg feed 153 Chickens/PK, PD;
Page 564 and 565:
repeat in 7-14 days 69Maduramicin a
Page 566 and 567:
100-500 mg/kg PO Game birdsonce, re
Page 568 and 569:
on the age, class of animal,ambient
Page 570 and 571:
fDissolve a 13-g (0.46-oz) packet o
Page 572 and 573:
temperature, and prolongedrecoverie
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anesthesia(K) 20 mg/kg+(X) Pekin du
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at this doseSevoflurane 2.21±0.32%
Page 578 and 579:
concentrations 76Flunixinmeglumine
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Table 6-7Hormones and Steroids Used
Page 582 and 583:
IVq3-4h 16,69Botulinum type Cantito
Page 584 and 585:
deficiency55-70 mg/kg of feed 89 Po
Page 586 and 587:
Table 6-12Oncologic Agents Used in
Page 588 and 589:
Table 6-14Miscellaneous Agents Used
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Protein, total(g/dL)3.3-5.5 3.4-3.6
Page 592 and 593:
Table 6-17Biologic and Physiologic
Page 594 and 595:
Table 6-19Selected Nutritional Reco
Page 596 and 597:
Avian pneumovirus—type C PCR Live
Page 598 and 599:
Salmonella spp.Environmentalculture
Page 600 and 601:
Table 6-25Sources of Information on
Page 602 and 603:
Fowl choleraLiveattenuatedWW,PO6 wk
Page 604 and 605:
1b Abdul-Aziz T. Overview of avian
Page 606 and 607:
30a Charlton B.R. Poultry use guide
Page 608 and 609:
58 Goetting V., Lee K.A., Tell L.A.
Page 610 and 611:
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/poult
Page 612 and 613:
118 Mulcahy D.M., Stoskopf M.K., Es
Page 614 and 615:
Annu Conf Assoc Avian Vet/Assoc Exo
Page 616 and 617:
Accessed Feb 13, 2017.171 Uzun M.,
Page 618 and 619:
Amikacin sulfateAmoxicillinAmoxicil
Page 620 and 621:
Table 7-2Antiparasitic Agents Used
Page 622 and 623:
(K)/midazolam(Mi)Ketamine (K)/Xylaz
Page 624 and 625:
Prednisolone0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO, SC,IM
Page 626 and 627:
Table 7-7Biologic and Physiologic V
Page 628 and 629:
Table 7-9Growth and Development of
Page 630 and 631:
diarrhea; treat items must be stric
Page 632 and 633:
Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000:115
Page 634 and 635:
C H A P T E R 8HedgehogsPeter J. He
Page 636 and 637:
EnrofloxacinErythromycinGentamicinG
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
IV, IP 4,27Atropine0.01-0.05 mg/kgS
Page 642 and 643:
in hedgehogs, and, to date, it appe
Page 644 and 645:
Carnivore(Lafeber)Enalapril 0.5 mg/
Page 646 and 647:
Chloride (mEq/L) 109±10 (92-128) N
Page 648 and 649:
Table 8-9Suggested Diets for Hedgeh
Page 650 and 651:
Table 8-11Common Injection and Veni
Page 652 and 653:
Table 8-16Cardiac Measurements in H
Page 654 and 655:
African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix al
Page 656 and 657:
50 Rhee DY, Kim MS, Chang SE, et al
Page 658 and 659:
Amikacin5-15 mg/kg SC,IM, IV q8-12h
Page 660 and 661:
IM q12h 90CiprofloxacinClarithromyc
Page 662 and 663:
q24h 31pulse therapy, 7 days on/off
Page 664 and 665:
Sulfonamide/trimethoprimcombination
Page 666 and 667:
topically q7-14d×3-6 treatments 84
Page 668 and 669:
q24h 8420-50 mg/kg PO q8h 90 Gerbil
Page 670 and 671:
Sulfaquinoxaline1 mg/mL drinkingwat
Page 672 and 673:
0.5-5 mg/kg IM 84 Guinea pigsketami
Page 674 and 675:
IP 41(K) 60 mg/kg+(X) 6 mg/kgIP 56(
Page 676 and 677:
necrosis when given IMYohimbine 0.5
Page 678 and 679:
Dipyrone — See metamizoleDuloxeti
Page 680 and 681:
10-40 mg/kg SCq12h 84Mice10-40 mg/k
Page 682 and 683:
Charcoal(activated)0.5-5 g/kg PO pr
Page 684 and 685:
Cabergoline 10-50 µg/kg PO q12-24h
Page 686 and 687:
Insulin 1 U/kg SC q12h 84 Chinchill
Page 688 and 689:
Theophylline 2-3 mg/kg PO q8-12h 29
Page 690 and 691:
10.9Neutrophils (%) 5-40 10-50 22 1
Page 692 and 693:
Table 9-11Blood Volumes of Rodents
Page 694 and 695:
Table 9-14Determining the Sex of Ma
Page 696 and 697:
LaboratoryAnimal Health Diagnostic
Page 698 and 699:
Table 9-18Endocrine Values in Roden
Page 700 and 701:
1 Abreu M., Aguado D., Benito J., e
Page 702 and 703:
32 Fisher P.G. Exotic mammal renal
Page 704 and 705:
New York: Pergamon; 1996.65 Lau C.,
Page 706 and 707:
100 Roughan J.V., Flecknell P.A. Be
Page 708 and 709:
C H A P T E R 1 0RabbitsPeter Fishe
Page 710 and 711:
Chlortetracycline 50 mg/kg PO q24h
Page 712 and 713:
q48h 41levels than other forms and
Page 714 and 715:
Fluconazole 5 mg/kg PO q24h 98 Cryp
Page 716 and 717:
Cyromazine 6% (Rearguard,Novartis)T
Page 718 and 719:
200-500 mg/kgPO×2 days 112750 mg/k
Page 720 and 721:
Agent Dosage CommentsAcepromazine
Page 722 and 723:
0.012 mg/kg 20,56 Epidural anesthes
Page 724 and 725:
q12h 411-2 mg/kg SC q12-24h 41Gabap
Page 726 and 727:
(K) 25 mg/kg+(Mi) 2- May be prefera
Page 728 and 729:
combinations to follow0.25-0.5 mg/k
Page 730 and 731:
Tramadol — Pharmacokinetic data r
Page 732 and 733:
Azithromycin 1% (Azasite, Akorn)Top
Page 734 and 735:
VoriconazoleTopical to eyesq12h 128
Page 736 and 737:
gauze, andadminister bygavage 41Fer
Page 738 and 739:
Prednisolone — See dexamethasone;
Page 740 and 741:
ChemistriesALP (U/L) 4-70ALT (U/L)
Page 742 and 743:
Page 744 and 745:
Table 10-12Cerebrospinal Fluid Valu
Page 746 and 747:
Table 10-14Determining the Sex of M
Page 748 and 749:
5 mg/kg slow IV q12h 112Midazolam 0
Page 750 and 751:
Table 10-19Percentage of Antibiotic
Page 752 and 753:
8 Avunduk A.M., Beuerman R.W., Warn
Page 754 and 755:
38 Fehr M. Zoonotic potential of de
Page 756 and 757:
administration. Vet Parasitol. 2010
Page 758 and 759:
1712.105 Pan B., Wang M., Xu F., et
Page 760 and 761:
chondroitin 4,6-sulfate in the acut
Page 762 and 763:
Amikacin8-16 mg/kg SC, IM, IVdivide
Page 764 and 765:
Lincomycin 11 mg/kg PO q8h 53Metron
Page 766 and 767:
until negativetesting 690.05-0.3 mg
Page 768 and 769:
Atipamezole (Antisedan,Zoetis)Atrop
Page 770 and 771:
Roche)with flumazenil at same volum
Page 772 and 773:
rateinfusion 21,49Flunixinmeglumine
Page 774 and 775:
Doxapram 1-2 mg/kg IV 52 Respirator
Page 776 and 777:
lifetime treatment; higher dosage m
Page 778 and 779:
Ciproheptadine(Periactin, Merck)Cis
Page 780 and 781:
Heparin100 U/animal(0.45-1.35 kg)SC
Page 782 and 783:
Ondansetron 1 mg/kg PO q12-24h 49An
Page 784 and 785:
(SAMe) (Vetri-SAMe, VetriscienceLab
Page 786 and 787:
ALT (U/L) 54-280 54-289AST (U/L) 40
Page 788 and 789:
Dental formula 2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/3
Page 790 and 791:
1 Vincristine 0.025 mg/kg IV3 Cyclo
Page 792 and 793:
Continue therapy every 3 wk for 1 y
Page 794 and 795:
Medicine and Surgery. 3rd ed. St. L
Page 796 and 797:
38 Lennox A. Alternative surgical o
Page 798 and 799:
North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2013;16:4
Page 800 and 801:
Amoxicillin10-22 mg/kg POq12-24h 14
Page 802 and 803:
q12h 25,bGiardia: 12-15 mg/kg POq12
Page 804 and 805:
Page 806 and 807:
Detomidine(De)/butorphanol(B)/Midaz
Page 808 and 809:
2 mg/kg+(B)0.22 mg/kg IM 7Ketamine
Page 810 and 811:
Table 12-4Analgesic Agents Used in
Page 812 and 813:
Oxymorphone0.1-0.2 mg/kg SC, IM, IV
Page 814 and 815:
Novartis)q4d×7treatments 15month,
Page 816 and 817:
Table 12-7Urinalysis Reference Valu
Page 818 and 819:
• Leptospirosis• Parvovirus•
Page 820 and 821:
Table 12-11Recommendations for Feed
Page 822 and 823:
New York: Elsevier Saunders; 2008:1
Page 824 and 825:
Amikacin 2-3 mg/kg IM q24h 592.3 mg
Page 826 and 827:
2 days20 mg/kg SC once 53 Lion-tail
Page 828 and 829:
Flurofamide25 mg/animal POq12h×3 d
Page 830 and 831:
q24h 3Penicillin VK 11 mg/kg PO q6h
Page 832 and 833:
q12h×3 days,then repeat 2×weekly
Page 834 and 835:
50 mg/kg POq24h×5 days 41Common ma
Page 836 and 837:
20 mg/kg PO q12h 41 Common marmoset
Page 838 and 839:
q24h×28 days 86 3 and 25 mg/animal
Page 840 and 841:
6 mg/kg PO q8h 3 Monkeys10-15 mg/kg
Page 842 and 843:
SC, IM, IV q6-12h 410.013 mg/kg IMq
Page 844 and 845:
rate infusion 728 µg/kg IV 87 Rhes
Page 846 and 847:
0.06 mg/kgIM 3,86(K) 3 mg/kg+(Me)0.
Page 848 and 849:
Ketorolac0.5-1 mg/kg 67 SC, NSAIDIM
Page 850 and 851:
Naloxone — Opioid antagonist/reve
Page 852 and 853:
ketamine 7215-17 mg/kg/h IVconstant
Page 854 and 855:
2-5 mg/animal IM 20 Chimpanzees (ju
Page 856 and 857:
Doxapram 2 mg/kg IV 3 Chimpanzees/r
Page 858 and 859:
Human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG)50
Page 860 and 861:
Metoclopramide 0.2-0.5 mg/kg IM q8-
Page 862 and 863:
5-10 mg/kg IM q4-7d 3 MonkeysSucral
Page 864 and 865:
Monocytes (%) 1.5 1.8 64.8-572.2 a
Page 866 and 867:
Page 868 and 869:
Table 13-8ECG Intervals and Duratio
Page 870 and 871:
current preparations are combinedwi
Page 872 and 873:
q10yr 62aVaccination protocols are
Page 874 and 875:
North Carolina State University Col
Page 876 and 877:
gorilla). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2017;48:
Page 878 and 879:
Zoo Wildl Med. 2000;31:251-254.41 J
Page 880 and 881:
macaques (Macaca fascicularis). J A
Page 882 and 883:
882
Page 884 and 885:
provide basic stabilizing care to i
Page 886 and 887:
b. Transfer the animal to a qualifi
Page 888 and 889:
release or placement in an educatio
Page 890 and 891:
SnakesCheloniansLizardsNonvenomous
Page 892 and 893:
Table 14-5Recommendations for Meat
Page 894 and 895:
Ceftiofur crystalline-freeacid (Exc
Page 896 and 897:
Metronidazole 15-25 mg/kg PO q12h×
Page 898 and 899:
Chemical Restraint/Anesthetic Agent
Page 900 and 901:
Table 14-10Analgesic and Nonsteroid
Page 902 and 903:
q3-5min prn formaximum of 3 dosesor
Page 904 and 905:
b“Carnivores” may include wild
Page 906 and 907:
Washington, DC: Logos Press; 2009:4
Page 908 and 909:
40 Hoareau G. Shock. Proc Pac Vet C
Page 910 and 911:
isolated from respiratory tract of
Page 912 and 913:
ClassBenzyl penicillins aAntimicrob
Page 914 and 915:
DifloxacinEnrofloxacinMarbofloxacin
Page 916 and 917:
(often resistant)advanced-generatio
Page 918 and 919:
CephalosporinsClindamycinErythromyc
Page 920 and 921:
Table 15-4Antimicrobial Combination
Page 922 and 923:
adenovirus, influenza virus,Pacheco
Page 924 and 925:
vet.k-state.edu/depts/dmp/serviceSa
Page 926 and 927:
Mammal: Bordetella, E. coli,Mycopla
Page 928 and 929:
Zoo Medicine ServiceCollege of Vete
Page 930 and 931:
InternationalTrade inEndangeredSpec
Page 932 and 933:
University ofPennsylvaniaComputerAi
Page 934 and 935:
CenterFrog World frogworld.net Web
Page 936 and 937:
husbandry articlesParrot OutreachSo
Page 938 and 939:
Atropine 0.54 mg/mL IM,SCGlycopyrro
Page 940 and 941:
Table 15-10Fluid Solutions Used in
Page 942 and 943:
Common Weight, Liquid Measure, Leng
Page 944 and 945:
Table 15-14System of International
Page 946 and 947:
uscompounding.com 800-AR Conway US
Page 948 and 949:
MO Jackson Horst Pharmacy horstphar
Page 950 and 951:
FDACompoundingResourcesWeb site:fda
Page 952 and 953:
for birds 236-239tfor primates 586-
Page 954 and 955:
for amphibians 60-64tfor birds 218-
Page 956 and 957:
American Society for the Prevention
Page 958 and 959:
Amphibians 53-80analgesic agents fo
Page 960 and 961:
for rodents 470-473tfor sugar glide
Page 962 and 963:
for miniature pigs 559-560tpartial
Page 964 and 965:
Association of Sugar Glider Veterin
Page 966 and 967:
for fish 17-24tfor primates 576-580
Page 968 and 969:
biologic and physiologic values of
Page 970 and 971:
for birds 258-263tBirds 167-375abno
Page 972 and 973:
for birds 272t, 275-283tfor ferrets
Page 974 and 975:
for wild mammals 628-629tBupivacain
Page 976 and 977:
for primates 594-601tfor reptiles 1
Page 978 and 979:
for ferrets 535-536tfor rabbits 500
Page 980 and 981:
Cefazolinfor backyard poultry and w
Page 982 and 983:
Cephalexinfor backyard poultry and
Page 984 and 985:
for reptiles 113-116tChloramine-T,
Page 986 and 987:
for hedgehogs 449-450tfor primates
Page 988 and 989:
Clomipraminefor birds 253-257tfor r
Page 990 and 991:
136tCoumaphos, for birds 197-217tCr
Page 992 and 993:
Deoxycorticosterone, for ferrets 54
Page 994 and 995:
Dexmedetomidine/midazolam/ketamine,
Page 996 and 997:
for birds 321tfor reptiles 145-149t
Page 998 and 999:
Disinfectants, for amphibians 74tDi
Page 1000 and 1001:
Droperidol, for primates 586-594tDu
Page 1002 and 1003:
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)biolo
Page 1004 and 1005:
Epsom salts, for backyard poultry a
Page 1006 and 1007:
Fahrenheit temperature scales, equi
Page 1008 and 1009:
anesthetic agents for 536-539tantif
Page 1010 and 1011:
for ferrets 533-534tfor invertebrat
Page 1012 and 1013:
Formalinfor amphibians 58-60tfor fi
Page 1014 and 1015:
Gentamicinfor amphibians 54-55tfor
Page 1016 and 1017:
for reptiles 93-103tfor rodents 467
Page 1018 and 1019:
for birds 253-257tfor fish 34-36tfo
Page 1020 and 1021:
for ferrets 543-549tfor primates 59
Page 1022 and 1023:
for reptiles 104-106tfor RGIS 522-5
Page 1024 and 1025:
Insulin/dextrose 50%, for birds 272
Page 1026 and 1027:
for rodents 467-470tfor sugar glide
Page 1028 and 1029:
for ferrets 543-549tfor miniature p
Page 1030 and 1031:
for birds 218-236tfor primates 586-
Page 1032 and 1033:
Lasalocidfor backyard poultry and w
Page 1034 and 1035:
for ferrets 533-536tfor hedgehogs 4
Page 1036 and 1037:
Macaws (Ara and Anodorhynchus spp.)
Page 1038 and 1039:
for rabbits 503-511tfor reptiles 93
Page 1040 and 1041:
for rodents 476-479tMethocarbamolfo
Page 1042 and 1043:
Mexiletine, for birds 275-283tMicaf
Page 1044 and 1045:
feeding recommendations for 572them
Page 1046 and 1047:
for reptiles 89-93tfor rodents 464-
Page 1048 and 1049:
for miniature pigs 559-560tfor prim
Page 1050 and 1051:
Norepinephrine, for primates 594-60
Page 1052 and 1053:
Ophthalmologic agentsfor backyard p
Page 1054 and 1055:
for reptiles 82-86tfor rodents 460-
Page 1056 and 1057:
Penicillin Gfor backyard poultry an
Page 1058 and 1059:
Pethidinefor reptiles 104-106tfor r
Page 1060 and 1061:
Piperacillinfor amphibians 54-55tfo
Page 1062 and 1063:
for invertebrates 6-9tfor primates
Page 1064 and 1065:
of 117-136tPrescription writing, co
Page 1066 and 1067:
for rodents 467-470tfor wild mammal
Page 1068 and 1069:
QQuaker parakeet (Myopsitta monachu
Page 1070 and 1071:
Ratitesbiologic and physiologic val
Page 1072 and 1073:
for reptiles 108-113tRoadrunner Pha
Page 1074 and 1075:
Sarafloxacinfor backyard poultry an
Page 1076 and 1077:
hematologic and biochemical values
Page 1078 and 1079:
Spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate,
Page 1080 and 1081:
for primates 594-601tfor rabbits 51
Page 1082 and 1083:
for ferrets 533-534tfor rabbits 495
Page 1084 and 1085:
for reptiles 113-116tfor rodents 47
Page 1086 and 1087:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)fo
Page 1088 and 1089:
Toltrazurilfor backyard poultry and
Page 1090 and 1091:
for birds 168-189t, 197-217tfor fis
Page 1092 and 1093:
Valley Drug and Compounding Pharmac
Page 1094 and 1095:
Vitamin B 12for backyard poultry an
Page 1096 and 1097:
Weight conversions 658tWestlab Phar
Page 1098 and 1099:
ZZanamivir, for ferrets 543-549tZeo
Page 1100 and 1101:
may not always be listed together).
Page 1102 and 1103:
1102
Page 1104:
Chapter 14: Wildlife 883Chapter 15:
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