Exotic Animal Formulary5

more significant reduction of
withdrawal response to electrical
stimulus at 2 mg/kg
1-6 mg/kg IM 303a American kestrels/PD; did not cause
thermal antinociception suggestive
of analgesia; sex-dependent
responses were identified
2-5 mg/kg IM, IV q2-
3h 410,707,746
3 mg/kg
(premedication) +
75 µg/kg/min IV
CRI
(maintenance) 453
Hispaniolan Amazon parrots/PK; low
mean plasma concentrations at 2 hr
postinjection; PD: withdrawal from
electrical stimuli reduced after 2
mg/kg IM; effective pre-emptive
analgesia with sevoflurane
anesthesia for endoscopy 410
Psittacines/PD; significantly reduced
isoflurane MAC
3-6 mg/kg IM 588 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots/PD;
electrical stimuli to assess
withdrawal thresholds
Butorphanol
(B)/midazolam (Mi)
(B) 1 mg/kg IM +
(Mi) 0.5 mg/kg
IM 429
Psittacines/induction time and
isoflurane concentration were
reduced in the B + Mi group;
induction quality scores were
improved in the B + Mi group and
no adverse effects on anesthesia and
cardiovascular stability were
observed
Carfentanil (Wildnil,
Wildlife
Pharmaceuticals)
— Super-potent opioid agonist; c
carfentanil combination follows; not
generally recommended for use in
birds; no longer commercially
available in the United States
0.024 mg/kg IM 333 Ostriches (free-ranging)/darted from
helicopter
0.03 mg/kg IM 333 Ratites
Carfentanil (C)/xylazine (X) (C) 3 mg + (X) 150
mg IM per
ostrich 630
Ostriches (free-ranging)/darted from
helicopter
Desflurane (Suprane,
Baxter)
— Fluorine halogenated ether; fast
induction, rapid recovery; 337
currently no studies evaluating its
331