Exotic Animal Formulary5

sedation and reduce dose and/or
frequency prn
5 mg/kg PO q2-9h 303c American kestrels/PD
8-11 mg/kg PO Red-tailed hawks/PK; only 3 birds; 15
q12h 755a,757 mg/ kg PO q12h data model
suggested more frequent dosing to
achieve human analgesic plasma
tramadol concentrations; analgesia
not evaluated; 755a birds sedated after
multiple dosing; monitor for
sedation and reduce dose and/or
frequency prn 755a
10 mg/kg PO q24h 403b African penguins/PK: maintained
plasma concentrations for 24 hr
30 mg/kg PO
q6h 710b,755b
Hispaniolan Amazon parrots/PK; PD;
similar plasma concentrations to
humans for analgesia; effectively
reduced thermal withdrawal
response for 6 hr
Xylazine — α 2 -adrenergic agonist; not recommended
by itself for tranquilization and
seldom used in pet birds due to
adverse effects—excitement,
convulsions, bradycardia,
arrhythmias, bradypnea,
hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and death
when used alone; reversible with
yohimbine, atipamezole; most useful
in ratites; 705 see carfentanil,
etorphine, and ketamine for
combinations
0.2-1 mg/kg IM 375,630 Ratites/calming sedation
1-2.2 mg/kg IM, IV 38 Raptors, psittacines/in combination
with ketamine (1:3 or 1:5); still
widely used in raptors in some
countries
1-20 mg/kg IM, IV 358 Raptors/sedation
20 mg intranasally 829 Ring-necked parakeets/time to onset, 7.9
± 2.8 min but sedation not adequate
for manipulation; reversed with
yohimbine intranasally
24-30 mg
intranasally 830
Canaries/heavy sedation; prolonged
sedation but could not place in
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