Exotic Animal Formulary5

procedures; 263 recommend 3-5 mg/kg
IM for captive birds and 5 mg/kg IM
for free-ranging birds
4-25 mg/kg
IM 149a,719,824
5-10 mg/kg
IM 38,76,358,396,427,440,441
Most species, including psittacines,
raptors, ostriches,
flamingos/sedation
Ostrich (chicks), raptors,
psittacines/good immobilization
9-30 mg/kg IM 719 Owls, wood partridges/restraint
10 mg/kg IM 427,719 Raptors
15-22 mg/kg IM 531,719 Budgerigars, emus
40-80 mg/kg PO 149a Raptors
80 mg/kg in feed 370,870 Eurasian buzzards/sufficient in most
birds to allow safe handling after 30-
60 min; birds receiving drug in
powder form reached a deeper plane
of anesthesia more quickly
Tiletamine-zolazepam (Tz)
thiafentanil oxalate
(Th)/dexmedetomidine
(D
— Ultra-short-acting opioid agonist c (Th)
not currently available in the United
States; α 2 agonist (D); dissociative
anesthetic (Tz)
(Th) 7 mg + (D)
0.2 mg + (Tz) 100
mg IM per bird 799
Greater rheas/anesthesia administered
via remote injection, smooth
induction/recovery; respiratory
depression in 1/8 birds but recovered
when reversed
Tolazoline HCl (Tolazine,
Akorn)
— α 2 -adrenergic antagonist
1 mg/kg IV 396 Ostriches
15 mg/kg IV 14 Turkey vultures
Tramadol HCl — Synthetic analog of codeine with
opioid, α-adrenergic, and
serotonergic receptor activity; O-
desmethyltramadol (M1) metabolite
is more potent µ-opiate agonist in
mammals
5 mg/kg PO, IV
q12h 755a,756
Bald eagles/PK; similar plasma
concentrations to humans for
analgesia but analgesia not
evaluated; PO bioavailability in bald
eagles higher than in humans,
dogs; 756 sedation evident after
multiple dosing; monitor for
348