Exotic Animal Formulary5

Table 5-33
Urinalysis Values Reported in Birds. 102,606
Parameter Reference Range Pigeon a,308 Falcon 801 Ostrich 539
Specific
gravity
(g/mL)
1.005-1.020 — — —
pH 6.4-8
Laying hens and carnivorous birds may
have more acidic urine; cloacal contents
may alter urine pH
5.5-6.9 5-7 7.6 ± 1.5
Protein
(g/dL)
Negative to trace 0.11-1.99 0.3 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 1.5
Glucose
(mg/dL)
Negative to trace — 24.3 ±
39.6
Negative
Ketones
Negative; ketonuria is sometimes present in
migratory birds
— Negative Negative
Bilirubin Negative — — Negative
Urobilinogen Negative — — Negative
a
95% confident interval.
Table 5-34
Values Reported for Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests in Avian
Species. a,b,70,376,430,432a,522,661,771,773,855
Tear Production
Intraocular Pressure
(mmHg)
Species
Phenol Red Thread
Test (mm/15 sec)
Schirmer Tear
Test (mm/min)
Applanation
Tonometry
Rebound
Tonometry
Psittacine birds
Amazon parrots,
blue-fronted
Amazon parrots,
Hispaniolan
Amazon parrots,
orange-winged
21.9 ± 2.3 c — 8.3 ± 1.1 c —
12.5 ± 5.0 7.9 ± 2.6 — —
12.6 ± 2.6 c — 9.7 ± 1.7 c —
Raptors
453