Exotic Animal Formulary5

(D)/alfaxalone (A) 20 mg/kg IM 872 consciousness = 102 ± 48 sec, loss of
righting reflex = 240 ± 135 sec; 2
birds could not undergo endoscopic
procedure; 1 bird died due to
prolonged recovery; significant
variability in heart rate and
respiratory rate; not recommended
at these doses for minimally invasive
procedures
Dexmedetomidine
(D)/midazolam (Mi)
(D) 80 µg/kg + (Mi) 5 Pigeons/PD; effective immobilization 20
mg/kg
to 30 min after intranasal
intranasally 355 administration; birds tolerated
postural changes without resistance;
significant decreases in heart rate
and respiratory rate that persisted
until the end of sedation;
atipamezole antagonized sedation
and cardiorespiratory side effects
within 10 min
Dexmedetomidine
(D)/ketamine
(K)/butorphanol (B)
(D) 0.4 mg/kg + (K)
40 mg/kg + (B) 1
mg/kg IM 872
Domestic doves/mean time to loss of
consciousness and loss of righting
reflex was 79.6 ± 44.4 sec and 162.6 ±
102.3 sec, respectively; all birds
experienced a prolonged recovery
period (>1 hr); significant variability
in heart rate and respiratory rate;
not recommended at these doses for
minimally invasive procedures
Dexmedetomidine
(D)/thiafentanil oxalate
(Th)/tiletaminezolazepam
(Tz)
— Ultra-short-acting opioid agonist (Th)
not currently available in the United
States; α 2 agonist (D); dissociative
anesthetic (Tz)
(D) 0.2 mg +(Th) 7
mg +(Tz) 100 mg
IM per bird 798
Greater rheas/anesthesia administered
via remote injection; smooth
induction/recovery; respiratory
depression in 1/8 birds but recovered
with reversal
Diazepam — Benzodiazepine; used alone for
sedation, seizure control,
tranquilization, and/or appetite
stimulation; IM administration may
cause severe muscle irritation and
absorption may be delayed; reversal
with flumazenil; see ketamine for
combinations
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