Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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139 8 REFERENCES Alonso L.E. and Nordin L. (editors). 2003. A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, Botswana: High Water Survey. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 27. Conservation International, Washington, DC. Anderson, A., Gumbricht, D. Kniveton, S. Ringrose, H. Savenije, M. Todd, J. Wilk and P. Wolski, 2003. Water flow dynamics in the <strong>Okavango</strong> river basin and <strong>Delta</strong>-a prerequisite for the ecosystems of the <strong>Delta</strong>. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28: 1165-1172. Arnold, T. H. and B. C. de Wet, 1993. <strong>Plan</strong>ts and Southern Africa: Names and distribution. Memories of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, 62, National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Bauer, P (2004). Flooding and Salt Transport in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>: Key Issues for Sustainable Wetland <strong>Management</strong>. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, ETH. Zurich 177pp Barnes, J. E.,L. M. Turton and E. Kalake, 1994. A list of the flowering <strong>Plan</strong>ts of Botswana in the herbaria at the National Museum, Sebele and University of Botswana. Revised Edition by The Botswana Society and national Museum, Monuments and Art Gallery, Gaborone. Beilfuss, R., C Bento, P. Hancock, B. Kamweneshe, K. McCann, K. Morrison and L. Rodwell, 2002. Water, wetlands and Wattled Cranes: A regional monitoring and conservation program for Southern Africa. Bird Life International, 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Editions and Bird Life International. Bonyongo, . C., 2004. The ecology of the large herbivores in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, Botswana. PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Briston, UK, 125 pp. Bonyongo, M. C,. G. J. Bredenkamp and E. Veenendaal, 2000. Floodplain vegetation in the Nxaranga Lagoon Area, <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, Botswana. S. Afr. J. Bot,.66: 15-21. Botswana Government, 2001. HIV Sero-Prevalence Report Brewster, C. 1991. Birds of the Gumare area, northwest Botswana. Babbler 21 & 22: 12 – 61. Brewster, C.A. & Major, S. 2003. Report from the Records Subcommittee: Systematic List of Accepted Category A Records. Babbler 43: 51-52.
Butzer, K. W., 1984. Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of Southern Africa. In: Klein, R.G. and A.A. Balkema (eds.). Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments, Rotterdam, pp. 1-64. Coe, M. J., D. H. Cumming and J. Phillipson, 1976. Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia 22: 341- 354. Conservation International , 2003. A line in the sand. The unsustainable expansion of Botswana’s beef industry at the expense of local communities and the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, CD and briefing document, EIA US, P.O. Box 53343, Washington DC 200009, USA. Cooke, H.J., 1980. Landform evolution in the context of climatic changes and neotectonics in the middle Kalahari of north-central Botswana. Transactions Institute of British Geographers, NS 5: 80-99. Cronberg, G., A. Gieske, E. Martins, J. Prince Nengu and I.-M Stenstrom, 1996. Major ion chemistry, plankton, and bacterial assemblages of the Jao/Boro River, <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, Botswana: The swamps and floodpains. Arch.hydrobiol./Suppl. 107: 335-407. Cotterill, F., 1998. Reducine antelope of the Zambezi Wetlands. Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, P.O. Box FM 730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, pp. 145-199. Cuming, D., 1999. Study on the development of transboundary natural resource management areas in Southern Africa – Environmental context: Natural resources, land use, and conservation. Biodiversity support program Washington DC, USA, 67 pp. Dangerfield, M. J., 2004. Monitoring of terrestrial invertebrates. In: Perkins, J. and L. Ramberg (eds.), Environmental monitoring of tsetse fly aerial spraying impacts in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> – 2002. <strong>Okavango</strong> Report Series 2: 52-150. (ISBN 99912-948-8-8). Davies, B. R., 1986. The Zambezi river system. In: Davies, B. R. and Walker, K. F. (eds), The Ecology of River Systems, W. Junk, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 225-267. Dincer, T., H. H. Heemstra and B.B. Khupe, 1987. Study, using stable isotopes of flow distribution, surface-groundwater relations and evapotranspiration in the <strong>Okavango</strong> swamp, Botswana, Isotope Hydrology, Proceedings Neuherberg Symposium, IAEA, Vienna. Douthwaite, R.J. 1979. Aerial survey of the eastern <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, Lake Ngami and Ntwetwe Pan for cranes, ducks and other waterbirds, 1-2 February, 1979. Report to the Department of Wildlife and National Parks. East, R., 1984, Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of Ecology 22:245-270 140
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i OKAVANGO DELTA MANAGEMENT PLAN PR
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2.3 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATU
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5.2.7 FIRE MANAGEMENT .............
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TABLE 3-4: CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PRIO
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Ministry of Environment, Wildlife a
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It stands to reason that the ODMP s
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This chapter describes the strategi
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xiv FRAMP Framework Managem
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OKAVANGO DELTA VISION EXECUTIVE SUM
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physical subsystem. These are often
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Strategic Goal Stategic Objective K
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maintain them it accords prominence
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this, but sectors should continue t
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1.3 THE NEED FOR A MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Instrument Year Objective Relevance
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Relavant conventions which Botswana
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1.6.3.1 Project Design Phase Follow
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1.6.3.5 Final Management</s
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Part of the catchment in Namibia co
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Figure 2-3: The Okavango</s
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2.1.5.3 Tertiary stakeholders These
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2.1.6.7. Harry Oppenheimer
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The District Council is responsible
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The district is also affected by a
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which is itself an extension of the
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eastern from the central and wester
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Subsequently, flow from the Thamala
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capacity of these processes to elim
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dominated channel fringe and backsw
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grasslands which overlaps with the
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Figure 2-10: Distribution map of ra
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zooplankton biomass has been record
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40 All of the ardeids are primarily
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15000 in 1988 and 35000 in 2002 (Bo
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Figure 2-11: Spatial Distribution o
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Figure 2-12: Land use map of the OR
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Parks and Game Reserves provide for
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2.4.3.1 Angola Quantities of water
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Table 2-10: Tourism Enterprise Lice
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2.4.6 2.4.6 FISHING The Oka
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2.4.7.2 Tsodilo Hills World Heritag
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2.4.8.2 Arable Farming Arable farmi
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can the correct management question
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2.7 TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE Total Econ
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household investors after deduction
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Table 2-16: Summary of the annual p
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2.7.2 INDIRECT USE VALUES In this s
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use value of ecosystems (refs). Thu
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HOORC-UB has developed into a resou
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found in the fringes of the <strong
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natural factors. There are two majo
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However, there are indications that
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molesta as well as of planktonic an
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employed. Cross-border re-invasion
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and use of the area’s resources,
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3.7 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING MANAGE
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Page 119 and 120: Table 3-2: Priority issues to be ad
Page 121 and 122: 3.7.2.3 Proposed criteria for futur
Page 123 and 124: 2 = Moderate social benefits 3 = Lo
Page 125 and 126: • clearing of small access channe
Page 127 and 128: The overall goal of the ODMP sets t
Page 129 and 130: Strategic Objectives • To sustain
Page 131 and 132: Strategic Object 1.3: To raise publ
Page 133 and 134: 4.3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SWOT ANALYSIS
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-4: Operational Objectives t
Page 137 and 138: THEMATIC AREA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC Strat
Page 139 and 140: 5.1.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF VIABLE MANAG
Page 141 and 142: upstream - downstream interactions
Page 143 and 144: photography, birding, sightseeing e
Page 145 and 146: The maintance of this delicate bala
Page 147 and 148: It also provides for their integrat
Page 149 and 150: c) Existing lodges would continue,
Page 151 and 152: Table 5-2: Characterization of cond
Page 153 and 154: Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
Page 155 and 156: Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
Page 157 and 158: vi. Where vegetation resources are
Page 159 and 160: d) There should be adequate equipme
Page 161 and 162: implementers are presented in Appen
Page 163: 138 District and National Developme
Page 167 and 168: Hancock, P. 2003b. Saddle-billed St
Page 169 and 170: McCarthy, T.S., W.N. Ellery and A.
Page 171 and 172: ODMP, 2006. Slaty Egret Baseline Su
Page 173 and 174: simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery.
Page 175 and 176: Tyson, P.D.R. Fuchs, C. Fu, L. Lebe
Page 177 and 178: Appendix I. 1: Action Plan<
Page 179 and 180: Strategic Goal 1: To establish viab
Page 183 and 184: Strategic Goal 2: To ensure the lon
Page 185 and 186: Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
Page 187 and 188: 162 APPENDIX II - MONITORING AND EV
Page 193 and 194: Appendix II. 2: Plan</stron
Page 197 and 198: Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
Page 205 and 206: 180 APPENDIX III: ASSESSING IMPACTS
Page 207 and 208: I.1.3 Manpower capacity of the fish
Page 211 and 212: Appendix III. 2: Assessing Impacts
Page 213 and 214: B.2.4 The risk of Tsetse re-infesta
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Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
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