Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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Existence value is the appreciation people derive from the knowledge that something exists, while bequest value is the value derived from knowing that one’s children will be able to enjoy something in the future. The growing popularity of the environmental movement indicates the substantial worth of biodiversity, particularly verified by people’s willingness to donate to help protect species and ecosystems they have never, and will never, directly interact with. The <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> contains noteworthy biodiversity, although it is not particularly well endowed with endemicity. Perhaps the greatest attribute of the <strong>Delta</strong> in this regard is its extent and intactness as a wilderness area. Anything that impinges on this pristineness is likely to affect the utility derived by people from this area. Value may also be placed on the intactness of traditional peoples and practices. Much of the traditional culture persists and is a source of pride. Degradation of the wetland and its resources might ultimately lead to an element of cultural decay. This decay may result from the loss of traditional plants for food and medicine, for example. Other more abstract impacts may result from the breakdown of gender roles without re-enforcement of such activities as hunting and collecting or a widening rich-poor disparity. Estimating the existence value (including bequest value) of the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> would require a substantial undertaking, involving the use of contingent valuation, a survey based method (Arrow et al. 1993). It would involve eliciting a willingness to pay from all those who derive such utility from the area. Since the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> is of world renown, this should ideally be a global study. It is probable that the existence value among the international community far exceeds that of Botswana nationals’ existence value of the <strong>Delta</strong>, or their ‘willingness to pay’ for its continued existence. The measurement of existence value was beyond the scope of this study. However, at least two studies have considered this problem at some level. Barnes (1996) surveyed visitors to Botswana and ascertained the amount they were willing to pay towards a conservation fund for Botswana’s wildlife. Tourists were willing to pay P125 on average, suggesting a total aggregate willingness to pay (WTP) among users alone of some P8 million (equivalent to about $4 million at the time). Mmopelwa (2005) and Natalie Mladenov (2002) conducted a contingent valuation survey in the <strong>Delta</strong> area in which both resident households and visitors were asked what they would be willing to pay to a conservation fund to ensure conservation of the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>. Households were allowed to express this in terms of livestock or produce. 70% of households and 33.3% of tourists had a positive WTP. Households had a mean WTP of just under P50, amounting to a total of about P53 000. Tourists had a mean WTP of about P1050, amounting to an estimated total of P13 million. Note that in both of these studies this is a once-off payment, and not an annual value. These estimates greatly underestimate the existence value of the <strong>Delta</strong>, however, as they only reveal the WTP of those people that happened to be visiting the <strong>Delta</strong> in a particular year. In this regard, one could assume that similar WTP prevails for each new visitor to the <strong>Delta</strong>, and given that most visits are once-off, that the values could be assumed to be annual as a minimum estimate. However, this still only considers visitors to the <strong>Delta</strong>. There is a great deal more people, including many who cannot afford to visit the area, who would express a willingness to pay for conservation of this area. This would include both Botswana nationals and the global community. For example, the existence value of South African biodiversity is estimated to be at least $263 million per year to South Africans alone (Turpie 2003). Indeed, many studies have found that existence value far exceeds the direct 69
use value of ecosystems (refs). Thus there is a strong case for conducting a proper study of the existence value of the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> that takes the non-user community into account. 70
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i OKAVANGO DELTA MANAGEMENT PLAN PR
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2.3 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATU
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5.2.7 FIRE MANAGEMENT .............
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TABLE 3-4: CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PRIO
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Ministry of Environment, Wildlife a
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It stands to reason that the ODMP s
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This chapter describes the strategi
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xiv FRAMP Framework Managem
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OKAVANGO DELTA VISION EXECUTIVE SUM
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physical subsystem. These are often
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Strategic Goal Stategic Objective K
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maintain them it accords prominence
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this, but sectors should continue t
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1.3 THE NEED FOR A MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Instrument Year Objective Relevance
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Relavant conventions which Botswana
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1.6.3.1 Project Design Phase Follow
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1.6.3.5 Final Management</s
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Part of the catchment in Namibia co
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Figure 2-3: The Okavango</s
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2.1.5.3 Tertiary stakeholders These
Page 43 and 44: 2.1.6.7. Harry Oppenheimer
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Page 71 and 72: Figure 2-12: Land use map of the OR
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Page 75 and 76: 2.4.3.1 Angola Quantities of water
Page 77 and 78: Table 2-10: Tourism Enterprise Lice
Page 79 and 80: 2.4.6 2.4.6 FISHING The Oka
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Page 87 and 88: 2.7 TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE Total Econ
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Page 91 and 92: Table 2-16: Summary of the annual p
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Page 101 and 102: natural factors. There are two majo
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Page 111 and 112: 3.7 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING MANAGE
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Page 119 and 120: Table 3-2: Priority issues to be ad
Page 121 and 122: 3.7.2.3 Proposed criteria for futur
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Page 125 and 126: • clearing of small access channe
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Page 129 and 130: Strategic Objectives • To sustain
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Page 133 and 134: 4.3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SWOT ANALYSIS
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Page 139 and 140: 5.1.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF VIABLE MANAG
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The maintance of this delicate bala
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It also provides for their integrat
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c) Existing lodges would continue,
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Table 5-2: Characterization of cond
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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vi. Where vegetation resources are
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d) There should be adequate equipme
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implementers are presented in Appen
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138 District and National Developme
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Butzer, K. W., 1984. Archeogeology
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Hancock, P. 2003b. Saddle-billed St
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McCarthy, T.S., W.N. Ellery and A.
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ODMP, 2006. Slaty Egret Baseline Su
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simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery.
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Tyson, P.D.R. Fuchs, C. Fu, L. Lebe
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Appendix I. 1: Action Plan<
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Strategic Goal 1: To establish viab
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Strategic Goal 2: To ensure the lon
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Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
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162 APPENDIX II - MONITORING AND EV
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Appendix II. 2: Plan</stron
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180 APPENDIX III: ASSESSING IMPACTS
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I.1.3 Manpower capacity of the fish
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Appendix III. 2: Assessing Impacts
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B.2.4 The risk of Tsetse re-infesta
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Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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