Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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2.3.3.3 Reptiles and Amphibians In total 33 amphibians and 64 reptiles have been recorded in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> (Murray, 1997). All amphibians are dependent on water at least for reproduction and/or deposition and hatching of the eggs. Most of the 33 amphibian species occur close to water and only 3-5 species are more terrestrial. On the other hand only two amphibian species (Xenopus laevis and X. muelleri) are fully aquatic. Most other species select habitats close to water and some have adopted strategies of hibernation or aestivation to survive temporal and seasonal desiccation of habitats. Out of the 33 species in Botswana twelve (36%) have a distribution restricted to the <strong>Okavango</strong> and the Chobe and eight (24%) are confined to the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> only. These species are tropical and the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> is commonly the southern end of their distribution. Out of 64 reptile species recorded from the <strong>Delta</strong> the four terrapins (Pelomedusidae), Varanus niloticus, the Nile Crocodile and one snake (Crotaphopeltis barotseensis) are confined to water, while the python and four snake species in Colubridae mainly occur in swamp habitats. Most reptiles, 52 in all, are thus terrestrial. Most of these have a wide distribution in southern and central Africa. There are on the other hand 10 species whose distribution in Botswana is restricted to the <strong>Okavango</strong> and the Chobe. Seven of them are aquatic or swamp species and have a northern – tropical distribution. Two species are terrapins and the other five are snakes. 2.3.3.4 Birds The number and variety of birds in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> is well documented, due largely to the efforts of amateur birdwatchers who contributed substantial data to the Bird Atlas of Botswana between 1980 and 1990. This database, where birds have been recorded in a standardized way for the whole country, has subsequently been kept updated by the Records Sub-committee of BirdLife Botswana. Number of species There are 444 confirmed bird species occurring in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>. This makes the <strong>Delta</strong> together with the Chobe River, the most species-rich area in Botswana. Most are widely distributed species belonging to 74 families of which the most important in terms of number of species are the following: Accipitridae (eagles, hawks, buzzards, kites): 38 species. This family includes the African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer and African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus as two typical wetland species. Sylviidae (warblers, apalises, cisticolas etc.) : 31 species. One of the warblers (Greater Swamp-Warbler A. rufescens) and three cisticolas (Redfaced Cisticola C. erythrops, Luapula Cisticola C. galactotes, Chirping Cisticola C. pipiens) are wetland species with their ranges in Botswana largely confined to the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>. Ploceidae (sparrows, weavers, bishops, widows, queleas): 25 species. Eight members of this family are wetland species, with substantial populations in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, as follows: Thick-billed Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons, Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis, Village Weaver P. cucullatus, Golden Weaver P. xanthops, Southern Brown-throated Weaver P. xanthopterus, Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix, Yellow-crowned Bishop E. afer, and Fan-tailed Widowbird E. avourable. Ardeidae (herons, egrets, bitterns): 18 species. 39
40 All of the ardeids are primarily wetland species, with the exception of the Blackheaded Heron Ardea melanocephala and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis which are widely distributed throughout Botswana (although both breed extensively in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>). The Slaty Egret Egretta vinaceigula is the <strong>Okavango</strong>’s only near-endemic bird species. It has the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> as the centre of its distribution, and it is estimated that 85% of the global population of this species occurs here. Geographic and habitat distribution of <strong>Okavango</strong> birds The <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> falls within the Afrotropical region. However, all around the <strong>Delta</strong> to the west, east and south there is an abrupt change from tropical vegetation to Kalahari woodland or dry savannah. Consequently, the distributions of many bird species, particularly waterbirds, closely mirror the extent of the <strong>Okavango</strong>. The following three categories may be defined: Aquatic species (112 spp.) – those that feed by diving, swimming or wading, or feed on shores or mudflats in the vicinity of water. These are all non-passerines with the exception of the coucals and some of the kingfishers, which are near-passerines. Non-aquatic species (57 spp.) inhabiting wetland habitats such as floodplain forests, palm swamps, marshes and reed beds. The majority of these are passerines. Terrestrial species not restricted to wetlands (275 spp.). These are mostly near-passerines and passerines, and members of the family Accipitridae (non-passerines). Conservation status of Okavanga birds There are eight globally threatened and near-threatened bird species which occur in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> (Table 2-4). Table 2-4: Globally threatened or near-threatened bird species occurring in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>. (BirdLife Botswana Red Data List) Conservation Status Common name Scientific name Status Vulnerable Slaty Egret Lesser Kestrel Cape Vulture Wattled Crane Corn Crake Lappet-faced Vulture Near threatened African Skimmer Data deficient Black-winged Pratincole Egretta vinaceigula Falco naumanni Gyps coprotheres Grus carunculatus Crex crex Torgos tracheliotus Rhynchops flavirostrisi Resident Palaearctic migrant Vagrant Resident Palaearctic migrant Resident Resident Glareola nordmanni Palaearctic migrant The <strong>Delta</strong> is also very important for the Wattled Crane – it currently supports the largest, single population of this species and over 15% of the global population. The other globally threatened species are occasional visitors to the <strong>Delta</strong> or avourable migrants.
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i OKAVANGO DELTA MANAGEMENT PLAN PR
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2.3 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATU
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5.2.7 FIRE MANAGEMENT .............
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TABLE 3-4: CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PRIO
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Ministry of Environment, Wildlife a
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It stands to reason that the ODMP s
Page 13 and 14: This chapter describes the strategi
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Page 17 and 18: OKAVANGO DELTA VISION EXECUTIVE SUM
Page 19 and 20: physical subsystem. These are often
Page 21 and 22: Strategic Goal Stategic Objective K
Page 23 and 24: maintain them it accords prominence
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Page 27 and 28: 1.3 THE NEED FOR A MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Page 31 and 32: Relavant conventions which Botswana
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Page 95 and 96: use value of ecosystems (refs). Thu
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No. Management Are
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No. Management Are
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Table 3-2: Priority issues to be ad
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3.7.2.3 Proposed criteria for futur
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2 = Moderate social benefits 3 = Lo
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• clearing of small access channe
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The overall goal of the ODMP sets t
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Strategic Objectives • To sustain
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Strategic Object 1.3: To raise publ
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4.3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SWOT ANALYSIS
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Table 4-4: Operational Objectives t
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THEMATIC AREA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC Strat
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5.1.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF VIABLE MANAG
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upstream - downstream interactions
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photography, birding, sightseeing e
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The maintance of this delicate bala
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It also provides for their integrat
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c) Existing lodges would continue,
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Table 5-2: Characterization of cond
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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vi. Where vegetation resources are
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d) There should be adequate equipme
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implementers are presented in Appen
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138 District and National Developme
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Butzer, K. W., 1984. Archeogeology
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Hancock, P. 2003b. Saddle-billed St
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McCarthy, T.S., W.N. Ellery and A.
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ODMP, 2006. Slaty Egret Baseline Su
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simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery.
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Tyson, P.D.R. Fuchs, C. Fu, L. Lebe
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Appendix I. 1: Action Plan<
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Strategic Goal 1: To establish viab
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Strategic Goal 2: To ensure the lon
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Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
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162 APPENDIX II - MONITORING AND EV
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Appendix II. 2: Plan</stron
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180 APPENDIX III: ASSESSING IMPACTS
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I.1.3 Manpower capacity of the fish
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Appendix III. 2: Assessing Impacts
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B.2.4 The risk of Tsetse re-infesta
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Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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