Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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woodlands, while the Red Lechwe prefers the seasonal floodplains close to deeper waters of the <strong>Delta</strong> (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). The Hippopotamus grazes at night often several kilometres from the rivers and lakes which it uses during the day (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Elephants are also water dependent. They are mixed feeders and use most of the habitats in the <strong>Delta</strong>. There are some clear differences in species composition along the wet-dry habitat gradient in the <strong>Delta</strong>. The Hippopotamus, the Sitatunga, the Cape Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis) and the Spotted-necked Otter (Lutra maculicollis) live in the deeper, usually permanent waters of the rivers, lagoons and lakes (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). The Reedbuck (Redunca arundinum) occurs in the seasonally flooded areas with lower Cyperaceae species, while the Red Lechwe frequents the floodplain grasslands in large numbers (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). These wet habitats support 3 and 21 species each, and are different in species composition from each other and from the drier habitats. They have a high proportion of grazers while insectivores (mainly bats) are absent. The drier habitats across the <strong>Delta</strong> (riverine forests, riverine woodlands, savanna woodlands, dry woodlands and dry scrub), on the other hand, support similar groups of species. These habitats are more species-rich with a total of 110 species and with a typical mammal composition of the East – South African savannas. These include the big cats (Lion, Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) which are common as well as the Spotted Hyaena (Crocuta crocuta); and the endangered African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) has a stronghold here. The large number of species is due to the species-rich groups of bats and rodents which predominantly occur here. The most common herbivores are listed in Table above . Reproduction In the Southern African region at least 75% of the species living in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> give birth during the summer months (Smithers 1971; 1983), while six species breed during winter only. These same species breed during winter in the <strong>Delta</strong> as well. However, another 12 species are winter breeders which are summer breeders in the region and an additional 27 species are winter breeders which breed year round in the region. This might indicate that the prolonged breeding is a response to the relative predictability in abundance of resources during the flooding and is likely to be a specific genetic modification. Protected Game Animals The following species have been listed as protected under the Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act, 1992. They cannot be hunted or captured without authority. Night ape, Pangolin, Aardwolf, Brown hyena, Cheetah, Serval, Blackfootedcat, Wilddog, Otter, Honey badger, Civet, Antbear, Rock dassie, Yellow spotted dassie, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Giraffe, Klipspringer, Oribi, Sharpe’s steenbok, Mountain reedbuck, Water buck, Puku, Roan antelope, Vaal rhebok, Pelicans, Egrets, Bitterns, Hammerkop, Storks, Ibises, Spoonbill, Flamingos, Secretary bird, Vultures, Falcons, Kites, Eagles, Buzzards, Sparrow hawks, Goshawks, Harriers, Cranes, Kori bustard, Stanley bustard, Jacanas, Fishing owl, Narina trogon, python. 2.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES The distribution of the various socio-economic activities in the ODRS is shown in Figure 2-11. The main activities include tourism, livestock farming, arable agriculture, fishing, gathering of veld products, crafts and provision of various other services. 43
Figure 2-11: Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities in <strong>Ramsar</strong> Site (source: NDSS 2004) The employment profile of the various sectors in Ngamiland District within which the ODRS falls is given in Table 2-7 Agricultural, hunting and forestry, which are direct uses of the <strong>Delta</strong> natural resources, account for 13.5% of employment in the district. These are followed by the service providers in the form of transport and communications, and hospitality sector at 7.5 and 7%, respectively. Table 2-6: Employment profile by major sectors in Ngamiland District Sector Employment % of Grand Total Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 3373 13.48 Fishing 135 0.54 Mining and quarrying 61 0.24 Hotels and restaurants 1733 6.92 Construction 2840 11.35 Manufacturing 1878 7.5 44
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i OKAVANGO DELTA MANAGEMENT PLAN PR
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2.3 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATU
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5.2.7 FIRE MANAGEMENT .............
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TABLE 3-4: CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PRIO
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Ministry of Environment, Wildlife a
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It stands to reason that the ODMP s
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This chapter describes the strategi
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xiv FRAMP Framework Managem
Page 17 and 18: OKAVANGO DELTA VISION EXECUTIVE SUM
Page 19 and 20: physical subsystem. These are often
Page 21 and 22: Strategic Goal Stategic Objective K
Page 23 and 24: maintain them it accords prominence
Page 25 and 26: this, but sectors should continue t
Page 27 and 28: 1.3 THE NEED FOR A MANAGEMENT PLAN
Page 29 and 30: Instrument Year Objective Relevance
Page 31 and 32: Relavant conventions which Botswana
Page 33 and 34: 1.6.3.1 Project Design Phase Follow
Page 35 and 36: 1.6.3.5 Final Management</s
Page 37 and 38: Part of the catchment in Namibia co
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-3: The Okavango</s
Page 41 and 42: 2.1.5.3 Tertiary stakeholders These
Page 43 and 44: 2.1.6.7. Harry Oppenheimer
Page 45 and 46: The District Council is responsible
Page 47 and 48: The district is also affected by a
Page 49 and 50: which is itself an extension of the
Page 51 and 52: eastern from the central and wester
Page 53 and 54: Subsequently, flow from the Thamala
Page 55 and 56: capacity of these processes to elim
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Page 59 and 60: grasslands which overlaps with the
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2-10: Distribution map of ra
Page 63 and 64: zooplankton biomass has been record
Page 65 and 66: 40 All of the ardeids are primarily
Page 67: 15000 in 1988 and 35000 in 2002 (Bo
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2-12: Land use map of the OR
Page 73 and 74: Parks and Game Reserves provide for
Page 75 and 76: 2.4.3.1 Angola Quantities of water
Page 77 and 78: Table 2-10: Tourism Enterprise Lice
Page 79 and 80: 2.4.6 2.4.6 FISHING The Oka
Page 81 and 82: 2.4.7.2 Tsodilo Hills World Heritag
Page 83 and 84: 2.4.8.2 Arable Farming Arable farmi
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Page 87 and 88: 2.7 TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE Total Econ
Page 89 and 90: household investors after deduction
Page 91 and 92: Table 2-16: Summary of the annual p
Page 93 and 94: 2.7.2 INDIRECT USE VALUES In this s
Page 95 and 96: use value of ecosystems (refs). Thu
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Page 99 and 100: found in the fringes of the <strong
Page 101 and 102: natural factors. There are two majo
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Page 105 and 106: molesta as well as of planktonic an
Page 107 and 108: employed. Cross-border re-invasion
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Table 3-2: Priority issues to be ad
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3.7.2.3 Proposed criteria for futur
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2 = Moderate social benefits 3 = Lo
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• clearing of small access channe
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The overall goal of the ODMP sets t
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Strategic Objectives • To sustain
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Strategic Object 1.3: To raise publ
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4.3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SWOT ANALYSIS
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Table 4-4: Operational Objectives t
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THEMATIC AREA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC Strat
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5.1.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF VIABLE MANAG
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upstream - downstream interactions
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photography, birding, sightseeing e
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The maintance of this delicate bala
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It also provides for their integrat
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c) Existing lodges would continue,
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Table 5-2: Characterization of cond
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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vi. Where vegetation resources are
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d) There should be adequate equipme
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implementers are presented in Appen
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138 District and National Developme
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Butzer, K. W., 1984. Archeogeology
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Hancock, P. 2003b. Saddle-billed St
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McCarthy, T.S., W.N. Ellery and A.
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ODMP, 2006. Slaty Egret Baseline Su
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simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery.
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Tyson, P.D.R. Fuchs, C. Fu, L. Lebe
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Appendix I. 1: Action Plan<
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Strategic Goal 1: To establish viab
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Strategic Goal 2: To ensure the lon
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Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
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162 APPENDIX II - MONITORING AND EV
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Appendix II. 2: Plan</stron
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180 APPENDIX III: ASSESSING IMPACTS
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I.1.3 Manpower capacity of the fish
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Appendix III. 2: Assessing Impacts
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B.2.4 The risk of Tsetse re-infesta
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