Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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Schools (CJSSs) and one Senior Secondary School. The illiteracy level in Ngamiland is one of the highest in Botswana ranging from 30% to 50% in some areas (NDSS 2004). Tertiary education facilities include the Maun Technical College and three Brigades Development Trusts. In addition, rehabilitative training programmes for specific groups of people are available in Maun at the Thuso Rehabilitation Centre and Tshidilong Stimulation Centre. The University of Botswana has a centre in Maun, the Harry Oppenheimer <strong>Okavango</strong> Research Centre, which engages mainly in research. Library services are provided and managed by the Botswana National Library Services through the establishment of public library branches, village reading rooms, and mobile visits. However, due to shortage of resources, a library branch has been provided only in Maun. In other settlements such as Sehithwa, Gumare and Shakawe, the communities utilise village reading rooms. The library also provides a ‘book box service’ to primary schools in the district since, unlike secondary schools, primary schools do not have their own libraries. Notably HOORC has a functional library facility which is linked to the main University of Botswana library. Other library facilities are located in secondary schools and are only available to students. Government printers have been established where government publications can be accessed. 2.1.7.8 Health Facilities in the District The health services provided in the <strong>Ramsar</strong> site include mobile health stops, health posts, and clinics with or without maternity wings, one primary hospital and a district hospital. HIV and AIDS is the biggest health threat in the district. Although Botswana had achieved some success in providing health services this has been eroded by the advent and spread of HIV and AIDS. Having realized that HIV and AIDS, unlike other diseases, is more than a health problem, a multi-sectoral approach to solving the problems of AIDS has been established. It had been established that factors that lead to the spread of HIV and AIDS in Ngamiland are socio-economic in nature. Poverty and unemployment, gender inequalities, communication barriers between youth and elders on issues relating to sexuality as well as drug and alcohol abuse are the basic determinants. This therefore poses a challenge for the entire population in the district. However, the response strategies have not adequately addressed these factors; instead they comprised an education campaign about HIV and AIDS, community mobilization, awareness raising, and various counselling efforts and medical treatment (Ngamiland District HIV and AIDS Comprehensive <strong>Plan</strong>, 1999) The specific programmes implemented included:- • Information, Education and Campaign through workshops, seminars, commemorations, kgotla meeting, and condom distribution, counselling etc. • Home based and orphan care programmes • Mother to Child Transmission treatment, Anti Retroviral treatment etc. As a starting point the Ngamiland District Multisectoral Aids Committee (DMSAC), has developed a proposal for capacity building during DDP6, which focuses on empowering the local communities and extension agents in different capacity building activities. This goes a long way in addressing the basic factors that foster the spread of HIV and AIDS. In implementing the ODMP, DEA works with the existing structures such as DMSAC, Every River Has Its People project (ERP) and other relevant stakeholders in mainstreaming HIV and AIDS in the planning process. 21
The district is also affected by a number of other diseases. These include malaria, anaemia, tuberculosis, diarrhoea and sexually transmitted diseases. 2.1.7.9 Safety The Botswana Police has stations in Maun, Gumare, Seronga, Sehithwa and Shakawe. Maun hosts the district police headquarters. There is also a Botswana Defence Force camp in Maun. The Botswana Local Police under Tribal Administration has a wider presence in the ODRS. The Department of Prisons and Rehabilitation is also present in Maun. In addition to government safety institutions, there are several privately owned security companies. 2.1.7.10 Places of Worship There are many churches in all settlements in the <strong>Ramsar</strong> site. Some of the well established churches include the Roman Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, United Congregational Church of Southern Africa (UCCSA), Assemblies of God, Lutheran, Spiritual Healing, New Apostolic Church and Zion Christian Church. 2.2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 2.2.1 CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE The climate within the ODRS is semi-arid with rainfall (in Maun) ranging from 195 to 940 mm per annum. Rainfall occurs in the summer months (November to March), with a mean annual amount of 455 in Maun and 480 mm over the <strong>Delta</strong>. Characteristic of a semi-arid environment, the rainfall is highly variable, with a coefficient of variation of annual rainfall of 35%. The monthly mean temperature ranges from 16 to 26 ˚C in June and October respectively. The winds are generally light easterlies. Annual potential evapotranspiration, (class A pan with appropriate, seasonally varying pan coefficient), is high at nearly 1850 mm. 2.2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY The <strong>Okavango</strong> alluvial fan is situated among dune sediments within the down faulted MOZ (Makgadikgadi-<strong>Okavango</strong>-Zambezi) basin of north-west Botswana. The <strong>Okavango</strong> fan has developed on flat terrain within a south-western extension of the East African rift (EAR) which was re-activated approximately 2.4-5.0 million years ago along a NE-SW direction (Kampunzu et al., 1998; Tercillin and Lezzar, 2002). The surface of the down-faulted area comprises washed longitudinal dunes, with current and relict alluvial fan deposits and salt pans which overlie up to 300 m of predominantly sandy sediment. Catchment headstreams include the <strong>Okavango</strong> River which flows through Namibia to the Panhandle. The <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> is in reality the wetter part of an alluvial fan that is slightly conical and which disburses south of the Panhandle after flowing over 1000 km through Angola, Namibia and Botswana. In terms of gross fluvial sub-environments, the quasi-level <strong>Okavango</strong> alluvial fan comprises a mosaic of meandering watercourses, floodplains and islands, and is subject to low velocity flooding (ca. 2-3 cm/s) with significant lateral groundwater discharge under the islands and shoreline. The present <strong>Delta</strong> consists of seven active (slowly diffusing) and intermittently active distributary floodplain systems with a total east-west extent of c. 140 km. The distribution of flow through the 1-500 m wide floodplains varies with decadal or biannual frequency (Wolski and Savenjie, 2006). 22
Page 1 and 2: i OKAVANGO DELTA MANAGEMENT PLAN PR
Page 3 and 4: 2.3 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATU
Page 5 and 6: 5.2.7 FIRE MANAGEMENT .............
Page 7 and 8: TABLE 3-4: CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PRIO
Page 9 and 10: Ministry of Environment, Wildlife a
Page 11 and 12: It stands to reason that the ODMP s
Page 13 and 14: This chapter describes the strategi
Page 15 and 16: xiv FRAMP Framework Managem
Page 17 and 18: OKAVANGO DELTA VISION EXECUTIVE SUM
Page 19 and 20: physical subsystem. These are often
Page 21 and 22: Strategic Goal Stategic Objective K
Page 23 and 24: maintain them it accords prominence
Page 25 and 26: this, but sectors should continue t
Page 27 and 28: 1.3 THE NEED FOR A MANAGEMENT PLAN
Page 29 and 30: Instrument Year Objective Relevance
Page 31 and 32: Relavant conventions which Botswana
Page 33 and 34: 1.6.3.1 Project Design Phase Follow
Page 35 and 36: 1.6.3.5 Final Management</s
Page 37 and 38: Part of the catchment in Namibia co
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-3: The Okavango</s
Page 41 and 42: 2.1.5.3 Tertiary stakeholders These
Page 43 and 44: 2.1.6.7. Harry Oppenheimer
Page 45: The District Council is responsible
Page 49 and 50: which is itself an extension of the
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Page 53 and 54: Subsequently, flow from the Thamala
Page 55 and 56: capacity of these processes to elim
Page 57 and 58: dominated channel fringe and backsw
Page 59 and 60: grasslands which overlaps with the
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2-10: Distribution map of ra
Page 63 and 64: zooplankton biomass has been record
Page 65 and 66: 40 All of the ardeids are primarily
Page 67 and 68: 15000 in 1988 and 35000 in 2002 (Bo
Page 69 and 70: Figure 2-11: Spatial Distribution o
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2-12: Land use map of the OR
Page 73 and 74: Parks and Game Reserves provide for
Page 75 and 76: 2.4.3.1 Angola Quantities of water
Page 77 and 78: Table 2-10: Tourism Enterprise Lice
Page 79 and 80: 2.4.6 2.4.6 FISHING The Oka
Page 81 and 82: 2.4.7.2 Tsodilo Hills World Heritag
Page 83 and 84: 2.4.8.2 Arable Farming Arable farmi
Page 85 and 86: can the correct management question
Page 87 and 88: 2.7 TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE Total Econ
Page 89 and 90: household investors after deduction
Page 91 and 92: Table 2-16: Summary of the annual p
Page 93 and 94: 2.7.2 INDIRECT USE VALUES In this s
Page 95 and 96: use value of ecosystems (refs). Thu
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HOORC-UB has developed into a resou
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found in the fringes of the <strong
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natural factors. There are two majo
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However, there are indications that
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molesta as well as of planktonic an
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employed. Cross-border re-invasion
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and use of the area’s resources,
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3.7 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING MANAGE
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No. Management Are
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No. Management Are
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No. Management Are
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Table 3-2: Priority issues to be ad
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3.7.2.3 Proposed criteria for futur
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2 = Moderate social benefits 3 = Lo
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• clearing of small access channe
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The overall goal of the ODMP sets t
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Strategic Objectives • To sustain
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Strategic Object 1.3: To raise publ
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4.3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SWOT ANALYSIS
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Table 4-4: Operational Objectives t
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THEMATIC AREA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC Strat
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5.1.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF VIABLE MANAG
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upstream - downstream interactions
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photography, birding, sightseeing e
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The maintance of this delicate bala
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It also provides for their integrat
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c) Existing lodges would continue,
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Table 5-2: Characterization of cond
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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vi. Where vegetation resources are
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d) There should be adequate equipme
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implementers are presented in Appen
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138 District and National Developme
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Butzer, K. W., 1984. Archeogeology
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Hancock, P. 2003b. Saddle-billed St
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McCarthy, T.S., W.N. Ellery and A.
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ODMP, 2006. Slaty Egret Baseline Su
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simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery.
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Tyson, P.D.R. Fuchs, C. Fu, L. Lebe
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Appendix I. 1: Action Plan<
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Strategic Goal 1: To establish viab
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Strategic Goal 2: To ensure the lon
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Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
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162 APPENDIX II - MONITORING AND EV
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Appendix II. 2: Plan</stron
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180 APPENDIX III: ASSESSING IMPACTS
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I.1.3 Manpower capacity of the fish
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Appendix III. 2: Assessing Impacts
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B.2.4 The risk of Tsetse re-infesta
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