Okavango Delta Management Plan - Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

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35 Total: Ngamiland (Includes Linyanti) 107906 Source: HOORC Vegetation Map – 2004. 2.3.2.4 Alien and Invasive <strong>Plan</strong>t Species The most common alien invasive species in the ODRS is the free floating water fern Salvania molesta (Mochimbamo). It occurs mainly in the eastern parts of the <strong>Delta</strong> and is kept under control by the introduced weevil Cyrtobagus salvianae. The control is not completely successful probably due to the cold winters that tend to kill most of the weevil population, originally coming from tropical Brazil. As long as the waters are low in nutrients the density of Salvinia will remain low but with eutrophication it could very well turn into a serious pest. At the moment there is limited information on the distribution of other alien plant species that can be potentially invasive in the project area, though there have been complaints by various stakeholders on the introduction of such species in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> especially for ornamental purposes and through various tree planting activities. However attempts are being made to computerize the species lists distributed as part of National Tree <strong>Plan</strong>ting Activities since 1999 to date in order to input this data in the planning process. In relation to the <strong>Ramsar</strong> Site, there have been reports of occurrence of the alien grass Cenchrus biflorus already common in parts of the Kalahari, which is harmful due to its spiny seeds that tend to attach to the mouth and eye region of grazing livestock. These occur mainly in <strong>Okavango</strong> Sub-District but the extent of their distribution has never been mapped. 2.3.2.5 Rare and Endangered <strong>Plan</strong>t Species A total of 20 plant species occurring within the ODRS have been selected for Red Data List status using recognized IUCN Red Data List criteria (ODMP – Assessment of occurrence and distribution of threatened and endangered plant species in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong>, 2006). Their distribution is given in Figure 2-10. Of these 20 species, 7 are listed as THREATENED, i.e. at very to extremely high risk of going extinct in the wild (at local level). • Zeuxine africana is considered CRITICALLY ENDANGERED. • Eulophia angolensis and Habenaria pasmithii are thought to be ENDANGERED • Acacia hebeclada subsp. Chobiensis, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Eragrostis subglandulosa and Erlangea remifolia qualify for VULNERABLE status, • Ansellia Africana, Eulophia latilabris and Harpagophytum zeyheri subsp. Sublobatum are thought to be NEAR THREATENED. • Aristida stipitata subsp. Spicata, Boscia matabelensis, Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. Procumbens, Harpagophytum zeyheri subsp. Sublobatum, Orbea knobelii, Oryzidium barnardii and Panicum gilvum are thought to be of LEAST CONCERN. • The grass Eragrostis leptotricha is still DATA DEFICIENT, but potentially and ENDANGERED species.
Figure 2-10: Distribution map of rare and endangered plant species in the ODRS 2.3.3 FAUNA 2.3.3.1 Invertebrates The data on invertebrate species in the <strong>Okavango</strong> <strong>Delta</strong> is far from comprehensive and many taxonomic groups are too difficult to collect, or nobody has tried to sample them, while some are taxonomically not well known, or there are no taxonomists able to identify them. The picture will, therefore, be patchy and will probably remain so for a long time. Dragonflies (Odonata) Comparatively good information exists for Odonata. Pinhey, (1967; 1976) collected samples in the <strong>Okavango</strong> area during a number of expeditions until 1976 and Kipping, (2003) repeated these studies. A total of 94 species were found, 33 Damselflies (Zygoptera) and 61 Dragonflies (Anisoptera). Many of these have a Central African distribution and reach their southern most distribution in the <strong>Delta</strong>. Kipping found one new species for the area and one new for science. He could however only find 70 out of the 92 species found by Pinhey. The reason for the absence of species could be the gradual decline in flooding of the <strong>Delta</strong> since the mid-seventies which could have resulted in a loss of suitable aquatic habitats for the larvae or in a loss of suitable flying prey for hunting adults. Another factor is the aerial spraying against tsetse flies in the <strong>Delta</strong> which took place during the eighties and then again 2001-02. During the first period fairly 36
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i OKAVANGO DELTA MANAGEMENT PLAN PR
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2.3 ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATU
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5.2.7 FIRE MANAGEMENT .............
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TABLE 3-4: CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PRIO
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Page 11 and 12: It stands to reason that the ODMP s
Page 13 and 14: This chapter describes the strategi
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Page 17 and 18: OKAVANGO DELTA VISION EXECUTIVE SUM
Page 19 and 20: physical subsystem. These are often
Page 21 and 22: Strategic Goal Stategic Objective K
Page 23 and 24: maintain them it accords prominence
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Page 27 and 28: 1.3 THE NEED FOR A MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Page 41 and 42: 2.1.5.3 Tertiary stakeholders These
Page 43 and 44: 2.1.6.7. Harry Oppenheimer
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Page 79 and 80: 2.4.6 2.4.6 FISHING The Oka
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Page 95 and 96: use value of ecosystems (refs). Thu
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Page 101 and 102: natural factors. There are two majo
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3.7 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING MANAGE
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No. Management Are
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No. Management Are
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No. Management Are
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Table 3-2: Priority issues to be ad
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3.7.2.3 Proposed criteria for futur
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2 = Moderate social benefits 3 = Lo
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• clearing of small access channe
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The overall goal of the ODMP sets t
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Strategic Objectives • To sustain
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Strategic Object 1.3: To raise publ
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4.3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SWOT ANALYSIS
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Table 4-4: Operational Objectives t
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THEMATIC AREA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC Strat
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5.1.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF VIABLE MANAG
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upstream - downstream interactions
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photography, birding, sightseeing e
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The maintance of this delicate bala
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It also provides for their integrat
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c) Existing lodges would continue,
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Table 5-2: Characterization of cond
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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Category Natural / Bio-physical Tou
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vi. Where vegetation resources are
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d) There should be adequate equipme
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implementers are presented in Appen
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138 District and National Developme
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Butzer, K. W., 1984. Archeogeology
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Hancock, P. 2003b. Saddle-billed St
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McCarthy, T.S., W.N. Ellery and A.
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ODMP, 2006. Slaty Egret Baseline Su
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simulated SPOT VEGETATION imagery.
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Tyson, P.D.R. Fuchs, C. Fu, L. Lebe
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Appendix I. 1: Action Plan<
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Strategic Goal 1: To establish viab
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Strategic Goal 2: To ensure the lon
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Strategic Goal 3: To sustainably us
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162 APPENDIX II - MONITORING AND EV
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Appendix II. 2: Plan</stron
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180 APPENDIX III: ASSESSING IMPACTS
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I.1.3 Manpower capacity of the fish
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Appendix III. 2: Assessing Impacts
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B.2.4 The risk of Tsetse re-infesta
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