DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2π sinc 0 1 t 0 2π sinc 2 0 1 t 0 2π Gaussian 0 1 t 0 2π Triangle (“tent,” linear interpolation) 0 1 t 0 2π Boxcar (nearest neighbor) 0 1 t 0 2π Constant 0 1 t 0 2π Constant Boxcar Triangle Gaussian sinc 2 CHAPTER 16 FILTERING AND SAMPLING 151 sinc Impulse Figure 16.9 Fourier transform pairs for several functions are shown in these graphs. In the left column is a set of waveforms in the time domain; beside each waveform is its frequency spectrum. ω ω ω ω ω ω ω
Averaging neighboring samples is the simplest form of moving average (MA) filter. 0 1 t 0 2π 0 1 t 0 2π 0 1 t 0 2π Figure 16.10 Waveforms of three temporal extents are shown on the left; the corresponding transforms are shown on the right. Spectral width is inversely proportional to temporal extent, not only for the Gaussians shown here, but for all waveforms. ones that I have been describing are implemented digitally by computing weighted sums of samples. Perhaps the simplest digital filter is one that just sums adjacent samples; the weights in this case are [1, 1]. Figure 16.12 on the facing page shows the frequency response of such a [1, 1] filter. This filter offers minimal attenuation to very low frequencies; as signal frequency approaches half the sampling rate, the response follows a cosine curve to zero. This is a very simple, very cheap lowpass filter (LPF). I have drawn in gray the filter’s response from 0.5f S to the sampling frequency. In a digital filter, frequencies in this region are indistinguishable from frequencies between 0.5f S and 0. The gain of this filter at zero frequency (DC) is 2, the sum of its coefficients. Normally, the coefficients of such a filter are normalized to sum to unity, so that the overall DC gain of the filter is one. In this case the normalized coefficients would be [ 1 ⁄2, - 1 ⁄2]. However, it is inconvenient to call this a [ 1 ⁄2, - 1 ⁄2]-filter; colloquially, this is a [1, 1]-filter. 152 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES ω ω ω
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
Page 108 and 109: See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
Page 110 and 111: NTSC stands for National Television
Page 112 and 113: NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
Page 114 and 115: Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
Page 116: Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
Page 119 and 120: Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
Page 121 and 122: ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
Page 123 and 124: System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
Page 125 and 126: data stored in scan-line order, hor
Page 127 and 128: Compression ratio Quality/applicati
Page 129 and 130: Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
Page 131 and 132: Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
Page 133 and 134: Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
Page 135 and 136: Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
Page 137 and 138: SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
Page 139 and 140: Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
Page 141 and 142: IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
Page 143 and 144: For details concerning SCH, see pag
Page 145 and 146: Some video switchers incorporate di
Page 148 and 149: My explanation describes the origin
Page 150 and 151: Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
Page 152 and 153: 1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
Page 154 and 155: 0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
Page 156 and 157: -5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
Page 160 and 161: Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
Page 162 and 163: Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
Page 164 and 165: Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
Page 166 and 167: 125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
Page 168 and 169: Compensation of undesired phase res
Page 170 and 171: ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
Page 172 and 173: We could use the term weighting, bu
Page 174 and 175: Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
Page 176 and 177: 1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
Page 178 and 179: Resampling, interpolation, and deci
Page 180 and 181: Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
Page 182 and 183: Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
Page 184 and 185: Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
Page 186 and 187: Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
Page 188 and 189: You can consider the entire stopban
Page 190 and 191: 1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
Page 192: Taken literally, decimation involve
Page 195 and 196: 0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
Page 199 and 200: Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
Page 201 and 202: Oversampling to double the number o
Page 203 and 204: 10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
Page 205 and 206: Viewing environment Max. luminance,
Page 207 and 208: ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
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Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
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Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
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Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
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f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
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Concerning closed captions, see ANS
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CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
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480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
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Concerning the association of U wit
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IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
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8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
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Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
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For details concerning VITC in 576i
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CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
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1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
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See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
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8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
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ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
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Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
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ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
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Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
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( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
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Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
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550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
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Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
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SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
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Trilevel sync comprises a negative
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Vertical interval video lines do no
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RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
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ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
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Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
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SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
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Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
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VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
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NHK Science and Technical Research
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I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
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Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
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YUV and luminance considered harmfu
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Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
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When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
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ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
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Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
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Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
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Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
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50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
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601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
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B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
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BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
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CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
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information rate of the color diffe
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Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
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D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
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Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
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2. In traditional video usage, the
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G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
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4. User-accessible means to adjust
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K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
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Luma A video signal representative
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2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
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Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
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numerical parameter having a value
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Rendering intent Encoding and subse
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which is a function of the distribu
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Standards conversion Conversion, in
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transmission; or to color differenc
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Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
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177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
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ambient illumination (cont’d) in
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inary group flags (in timecode) 386
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chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
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color (cont’d) difference coding
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CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
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Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
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factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
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framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
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hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
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ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
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longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
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N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
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Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
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pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
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RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
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(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
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SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
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uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
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widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
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This book is set in the Syntax type
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