DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Figure 25.5 CBCR “full range” components used in JPEG/JFIF are shown, ranging from -128 to +127. Chroma code +128 is clipped so that fully saturated blue and red cannot be preserved. No provision is made for -128 undershoot or overshoot. The accompanying luma signal ranges 0 through 255. Yl G CR axis R 127 Mg Y’UV, Y’IQ confusion I have detailed Y’P BP R and Y’C BC R. These are both based on [B’-Y’, R’-Y’] components, but they have different scale factors suitable for component analog and component digital interface, respectively. In NTSC and PAL chroma modulation, on page 335, I will describe [U, V] and [I, Q] color differences. These components are also based on B’-Y’ and R’-Y’, but have yet another set of scale factors. UV scaling – or IQ scaling and rotation – is appropriate only when the signals are destined for composite encoding, as in NTSC or PAL. Unfortunately, the notation Y’UV – or worse, YUV – is sometimes loosely applied to any form of color difference coding based on [B’-Y’, R’-Y’]. Do not be misled by video equipment having connectors labelled Y’UV or Y’, B’-Y’, R’-Y’, or these symbols without primes, or by JPEG being described as utilizing Y’UV coding. In fact the analog connectors convey signals with Y’P BP R scaling, and the JPEG standard itself specifies what I would denote 2 6 5 0 5 1 Y’CBC R. CHAPTER 25 COMPONENT VIDEO COLOR CODING FOR SDTV 311 0 -128 Cy 127 B C R code +128 clipped; 100% red not coded C B code +128 clipped; 100% blue not coded C B axis
When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is encountered in a computer graphics or image-processing context, usually Rec. 601 Y’C BC R is meant, but beware! • Any image data supposedly coded to the original 1953 NTSC primaries is suspect, because it has been about four decades since any equipment using these primaries has been built. • Generally no mention is made of the transfer function of the underlying R’G’B’ components, and no account is taken of the nonlinear formation of luma. When the term Y’IQ (or YIQ) is encountered, beware! • Image data supposedly coded in Y’IQ is suspect since no analog or digital interface for Y’IQ components has ever been standardized. • Nearly all NTSC encoders and decoders built since 1970 have been based upon Y’UV components, not Y’IQ. 312 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
Page 267 and 268: Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
Page 269 and 270: The importance of rendering intent,
Page 271 and 272: See Headroom and footroom, on page
Page 273 and 274: Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
Page 275 and 276: Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
Page 277 and 278: PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
Page 279 and 280: Concerning the conversion between R
Page 281 and 282: Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
Page 283 and 284: An SGI workstation can be set to ha
Page 285 and 286: The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
Page 287 and 288: What are loosely called JPEG files
Page 289 and 290: +1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
Page 291 and 292: Here the term color difference refe
Page 293 and 294: Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
Page 295 and 296: See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
Page 297 and 298: Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
Page 299 and 300: The mismatch between the primaries
Page 301 and 302: XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
Page 303 and 304: Owing to the dependence of the opti
Page 305 and 306: Luma/color difference component set
Page 307 and 308: System Notation Color difference sc
Page 309 and 310: For a discussion of primary chromat
Page 311 and 312: Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
Page 313 and 314: The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
Page 315 and 316: Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
Page 317: +128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
Page 321 and 322: Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
Page 323 and 324: Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
Page 325 and 326: Concerning Pointer, see the margina
Page 327 and 328: Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
Page 330 and 331: 100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
Page 332 and 333: Active lines (vertically) encompass
Page 334 and 335: Back porch is described in Analog h
Page 336 and 337: 255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
Page 338 and 339: danger in using such operations: Up
Page 340 and 341: If you use CTI, you run the risk of
Page 342 and 343: See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
Page 344 and 345: Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
Page 346 and 347: It is unfortunate that the formulat
Page 348 and 349: COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
Page 350 and 351: COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
Page 352 and 353: COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
Page 354: COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
Page 357 and 358: Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
Page 359 and 360: 1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
Page 361 and 362: Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
Page 363 and 364: 1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
Page 365 and 366: COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
Page 367 and 368: t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
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Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
Page 499 and 500:
Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
Page 501 and 502:
Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
Page 506 and 507:
f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509:
Concerning closed captions, see ANS
Page 510 and 511:
CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 514 and 515:
8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
Page 518 and 519:
480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
Page 520 and 521:
Concerning the association of U wit
Page 522 and 523:
IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
Page 524 and 525:
8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
Page 526 and 527:
Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
Page 528 and 529:
For details concerning VITC in 576i
Page 530 and 531:
CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
Page 532 and 533:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 534 and 535:
Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
Page 536 and 537:
1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
Page 538 and 539:
See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
Page 540 and 541:
8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
Page 542 and 543:
ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
Page 544 and 545:
Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547:
ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
Page 550 and 551:
( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
Page 552:
Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
Page 555 and 556:
tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
Page 557 and 558:
550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 559 and 560:
Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
Page 561 and 562:
Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
Page 564 and 565:
SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
Page 566 and 567:
tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
Page 568 and 569:
Trilevel sync comprises a negative
Page 570 and 571:
Vertical interval video lines do no
Page 572 and 573:
RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
Page 578 and 579:
ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
Page 580 and 581:
PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
Page 582 and 583:
Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
Page 584 and 585:
SECAM had an advantage during the 1
Page 586 and 587:
Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
Page 588 and 589:
Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
Page 592:
VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
Page 595 and 596:
NHK Science and Technical Research
Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
Page 606 and 607:
When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
Page 608 and 609:
ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
Page 617 and 618:
50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
Page 619 and 620:
601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
Page 623 and 624:
BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
Page 625 and 626:
CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
Page 627 and 628:
information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
Page 633 and 634:
Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
Page 635 and 636:
2. In traditional video usage, the
Page 637 and 638:
G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
Page 639 and 640:
4. User-accessible means to adjust
Page 641 and 642:
K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644:
Luma A video signal representative
Page 645 and 646:
2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648:
Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650:
numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652:
Rendering intent Encoding and subse
Page 653 and 654:
which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656:
Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660:
Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
Page 661 and 662:
177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664:
ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
Page 667 and 668:
chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670:
color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672:
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
Page 675 and 676:
factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
Page 677 and 678:
framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680:
hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
Page 687 and 688:
Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690:
pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692:
RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696:
SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698:
uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700:
widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701:
This book is set in the Syntax type
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