DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial filter implementation Interfield proportion relative 1 0 0 1 Absolute difference, relative Figure 37.18 Window function in deinterlacing LINESTORE LINESTORE (1, 4, 6, 4, 1) TRANSVERSE FILTER (2, 8, 12, 8, 2) TRANSVERSE FILTER (1, 4, 6, 4, 1) TRANSVERSE FILTER objectionable. These artifacts can be reduced by mixing proportionally – in other words, fading – between the interframe and interfield averages instead of switching abruptly. Mixing can be controlled by a window function of the motion difference, as sketched in Figure 37.18 in the margin. CHAPTER 37 DEINTERLACING 443 ∑ ∑ OUT
Page 3 and 4:
Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
Page 5 and 6:
Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
Page 7 and 8:
Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
Page 10 and 11:
Raster images 1 This chapter introd
Page 12 and 13:
4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
Page 14 and 15:
Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
Page 16 and 17:
SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
Page 18 and 19:
See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
Page 20 and 21:
4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
Page 22 and 23:
See Bit depth requirements, on page
Page 24 and 25:
Resolution properly refers to spati
Page 26 and 27:
The oct in octave refers to the eig
Page 28 and 29:
Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
Page 32 and 33:
Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
Page 34 and 35:
SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
Page 36 and 37:
Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
Page 38 and 39:
Raster images in computing 4 This c
Page 40 and 41:
Symbolic image description Many met
Page 42 and 43:
Grayscale A grayscale image represe
Page 44 and 45:
Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
Page 46 and 47:
The browser-safe palette forms a ra
Page 48 and 49:
Image width is the product of socal
Page 50 and 51:
Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
Page 52 and 53:
Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
Page 54 and 55:
Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
Page 56 and 57:
Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
Page 58 and 59:
Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
Page 60 and 61:
The word raster is derived from the
Page 62 and 63:
Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
Page 64 and 65:
TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
Page 66 and 67:
Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
Page 68 and 69:
FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
Page 70 and 71:
Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
Page 72 and 73:
An electrical engineer may call thi
Page 74 and 75:
When digital information is process
Page 76 and 77:
Resolution properly refers to spati
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
Page 80 and 81:
Pixel count places a constraint on
Page 82 and 83:
The term luminance is widely misuse
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
Page 86 and 87:
Tristimulus values are correctly re
Page 88 and 89:
Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
Page 90 and 91:
Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
Page 92 and 93:
Imaging system Some people suggest
Page 94 and 95:
Introduction to luma and chroma 10
Page 96 and 97:
Luma and color differences can be c
Page 98 and 99:
4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
Page 102 and 103:
The notation CCIR is often wrongly
Page 104 and 105:
Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
Page 106 and 107:
Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
Page 108 and 109:
See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
Page 110 and 111:
NTSC stands for National Television
Page 112 and 113:
NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
Page 116:
Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
Page 121 and 122:
ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
Page 123 and 124:
System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
Page 125 and 126:
data stored in scan-line order, hor
Page 127 and 128:
Compression ratio Quality/applicati
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
Page 133 and 134:
Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
Page 135 and 136:
Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
Page 137 and 138:
SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
Page 139 and 140:
Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
Page 141 and 142:
IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
Page 143 and 144:
For details concerning SCH, see pag
Page 145 and 146:
Some video switchers incorporate di
Page 148 and 149:
My explanation describes the origin
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
Page 152 and 153:
1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
Page 154 and 155:
0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
Page 156 and 157:
-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
Page 158 and 159:
Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
Page 162 and 163:
Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
Page 166 and 167:
125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
Page 168 and 169:
Compensation of undesired phase res
Page 170 and 171:
ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
Page 172 and 173:
We could use the term weighting, bu
Page 174 and 175:
Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
Page 176 and 177:
1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
Page 178 and 179:
Resampling, interpolation, and deci
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
Page 182 and 183:
Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
Page 184 and 185:
Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
Page 186 and 187:
Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
Page 188 and 189:
You can consider the entire stopban
Page 190 and 191:
1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
Page 192:
Taken literally, decimation involve
Page 195 and 196:
0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
Page 199 and 200:
Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
Page 201 and 202:
Oversampling to double the number o
Page 203 and 204:
10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
Page 205 and 206:
Viewing environment Max. luminance,
Page 207 and 208:
ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
Page 209 and 210:
Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
Page 211 and 212:
See Introduction to radiometry and
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
Page 218 and 219:
Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
Page 220 and 221:
Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
Page 222 and 223:
B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
Page 224 and 225:
The term sharpening is used in the
Page 226 and 227:
Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
Page 228 and 229:
1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
Page 232 and 233:
Tungsten illumination can’t have
Page 234 and 235:
∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
Page 236 and 237:
McCamy argues that under normal con
Page 238:
Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
Page 241 and 242:
If you are unfamiliar with the term
Page 243 and 244:
CIE standards established in 1964 w
Page 245 and 246:
Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
Page 247 and 248:
IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
Page 249 and 250:
Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
Page 251 and 252:
CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
Page 253 and 254:
CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
Page 255 and 256:
Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
Page 257 and 258:
For the D 65 reference now standard
Page 259 and 260:
Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
Page 265 and 266:
Opto-electronic transfer function (
Page 267 and 268:
Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
Page 269 and 270:
The importance of rendering intent,
Page 271 and 272:
See Headroom and footroom, on page
Page 273 and 274:
Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
Page 275 and 276:
Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
Page 277 and 278:
PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
Page 279 and 280:
Concerning the conversion between R
Page 281 and 282:
Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
Page 283 and 284:
An SGI workstation can be set to ha
Page 285 and 286:
The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
Page 287 and 288:
What are loosely called JPEG files
Page 289 and 290:
+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
Page 291 and 292:
Here the term color difference refe
Page 293 and 294:
Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
Page 295 and 296:
See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
Page 297 and 298:
Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
Page 299 and 300:
The mismatch between the primaries
Page 301 and 302:
XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
Page 303 and 304:
Owing to the dependence of the opti
Page 305 and 306:
Luma/color difference component set
Page 307 and 308:
System Notation Color difference sc
Page 309 and 310:
For a discussion of primary chromat
Page 311 and 312:
Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
Page 313 and 314:
The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
Page 315 and 316:
Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
Page 317 and 318:
+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
Page 319 and 320:
When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
Page 321 and 322:
Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
Page 325 and 326:
Concerning Pointer, see the margina
Page 327 and 328:
Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
Page 330 and 331:
100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
Page 332 and 333:
Active lines (vertically) encompass
Page 334 and 335:
Back porch is described in Analog h
Page 336 and 337:
255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
Page 338 and 339:
danger in using such operations: Up
Page 340 and 341:
If you use CTI, you run the risk of
Page 342 and 343:
See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
Page 344 and 345:
Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
Page 346 and 347:
It is unfortunate that the formulat
Page 348 and 349:
COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
Page 350 and 351:
COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
Page 352 and 353:
COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
Page 354:
COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
Page 357 and 358:
Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
Page 359 and 360:
1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
Page 361 and 362:
Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
Page 363 and 364:
1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
Page 365 and 366:
COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
Page 367 and 368:
t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
Page 369 and 370:
CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
Page 371 and 372:
CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
Page 373 and 374:
Because an analog demodulator canno
Page 375 and 376:
Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
Page 377 and 378:
A decoder cannot determine whether
Page 379 and 380:
525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
Page 381 and 382:
60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
Page 383 and 384:
Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
Page 385 and 386:
60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
Page 387 and 388:
3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
Page 389 and 390:
See Frame, field, line, and sample
Page 391 and 392:
SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
Page 393 and 394:
The IRE unit is introduced on page
Page 395 and 396:
SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
Page 397 and 398:
The V and H bits are asserted durin
Page 399 and 400: * 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
Page 401 and 402: See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
Page 403 and 404: SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
Page 405 and 406: SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
Page 407 and 408: A Naive combined sync establishes h
Page 409 and 410: 1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
Page 411 and 412: Most lines have a single normalwidt
Page 413 and 414: 1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
Page 415 and 416: Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
Page 418 and 419: Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
Page 420 and 421: In consumer VCR search mode playbac
Page 422 and 423: Heads for other longitudinal tracks
Page 424 and 425: The term sync in sync block is unre
Page 426 and 427: Notation Component analog VTRs are
Page 428 and 429: Even if playback errors are so seve
Page 430 and 431: Notation Method Tape width (track p
Page 432 and 433: D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
Page 434 and 435: D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
Page 436 and 437: Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
Page 438 and 439: Film is transferred to 576i25 video
Page 440 and 441: FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
Page 442 and 443: Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
Page 444 and 445: Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
Page 446 and 447: For a modest improvement over 2-tap
Page 448 and 449: Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
Page 452: Part 3 Video compression 38 JPEG an
Page 455 and 456: Figure 38.1 A JPEG 4:2:0 minimum co
Page 457 and 458: Figure 38.3 JPEG block diagram show
Page 459 and 460: Figure 38.4 An 8×8 array of luma s
Page 461 and 462: In the JPEG and MPEG standards, and
Page 463 and 464: MPEG’s VLE tables are standardize
Page 465 and 466: Figure 38.13 Because the quantizer
Page 467 and 468: Rabbani, Majid, and Paul W. Jones,
Page 469 and 470: 0 1 2 3 4 On page 468, I will discu
Page 471 and 472: vertical frequency AC coefficients
Page 473 and 474: What DV standards call level is the
Page 475 and 476: Consumer DV variants - SD, LP, SDL,
Page 477 and 478: The downsampling inherent in D-12 c
Page 480 and 481: I assume that you are familiar with
Page 482 and 483: Profile @Level High (HL) High-1440
Page 484 and 485: Profile@Level Samples/ line (S AL)
Page 486 and 487: 4:2:0 (top field) Y’ 0 Y’ 1 Y
Page 488 and 489: Inverse quantization is sometimes d
Page 490 and 491: Table 40.7 MPEG macroblock types Pr
Page 492 and 493: A perverse encoder could use an int
Page 494 and 495: Figure 40.5 Field DCT type creates
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 40 MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION
Page 498 and 499: This method is sometimes called “
Page 500 and 501:
An MPEG bitstream must be construct
Page 502 and 503:
structure,” where slices cover th
Page 504:
Part 4 Studio standards 41 480i com
Page 507 and 508:
Table 41.1 480i line assignment EQ
Page 509 and 510:
EIA and FCC standards in the United
Page 511 and 512:
SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
Page 513 and 514:
63. 555 732 − 716 30. 593 ≈ −
Page 515 and 516:
The P B and P R scale factors are a
Page 517 and 518:
standards use setup, and neither gi
Page 519 and 520:
455 2 × 525 = 119437. 5 Colorframe
Page 521 and 522:
Certain elements of the vertical in
Page 523 and 524:
Eq 42.6 Eq 42.7 SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit
Page 525 and 526:
714 2 Voltage, mV / 7 53 0 4 / 7 -2
Page 527 and 528:
Table 43.1 576i line assignment EQ
Page 529 and 530:
Line 623 commences with a normal sy
Page 531 and 532:
SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
Page 533 and 534:
8:8:8 denoted sampling of 576i (or
Page 535 and 536:
Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H Figu
Page 537 and 538:
PAL +135° burst lies on the U-V ax
Page 539 and 540:
Coding extends to 1.3 times the pic
Page 541 and 542:
Voltage, mV 700 350 BBC/ITA, Specif
Page 543 and 544:
Figure 45.2 Colorbar R’G’B’ p
Page 545 and 546:
hue saturation Alternatively, the r
Page 547 and 548:
Figure 45.6 Modulated ramp waveform
Page 549 and 550:
RAISED COSINE SIN SQUARED Figure 45
Page 551 and 552:
Figure 45.11 Modulated 12.5T pulse
Page 554 and 555:
SMPTE 296M, 1280 × 720 Progressive
Page 556 and 557:
0 H precedes the first word of SAV
Page 558 and 559:
702 lines high, centered on the pro
Page 560 and 561:
mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -40 +40 0H
Page 562:
Amplitude ripple tolerance in the p
Page 565 and 566:
24 1. 001 30 1. 001 60 1. 001 ≈
Page 567 and 568:
0H precedes the first word of SAV b
Page 569 and 570:
mV +300 Sync 0 -300 +350 +300 PB, P
Page 571 and 572:
564 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 573 and 574:
Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
Page 576:
Part 5 Broadcast and consumer stand
Page 579 and 580:
In 1993, the International Radio Co
Page 581 and 582:
Main audio program, (monophonic) Fr
Page 583 and 584:
Only CN/PAL is deployed today - in
Page 585 and 586:
ITU-R system Colloquial Scanning fS
Page 587 and 588:
NTSC-4.43 The NTSC-4.43 scheme, som
Page 589 and 590:
Incoherent subcarrier Many consumer
Page 591 and 592:
Color-under recording was introduce
Page 594 and 595:
Digital television broadcast standa
Page 596 and 597:
MPEG-2 specifies upper bounds for p
Page 598 and 599:
DVB standards are promulgated by ET
Page 600:
Appendices A YUV and luminance cons
Page 603 and 604:
for 500 pounds of cement, you will
Page 605 and 606:
Pratt, William K., Digital Image Pr
Page 607 and 608:
Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
Page 609 and 610:
Eq B.1 Radiant exitance sums emitte
Page 611 and 612:
A lumen is produced by about 1.5 mW
Page 613 and 614:
Michael Brill and Bob Hunt agree th
Page 616 and 617:
Glossary of video signal terms This
Page 618 and 619:
2. An SDTV component digital video
Page 620 and 621:
Alpha, α In computer graphics, a c
Page 622 and 623:
235 at an 8-bit component (Rec. 601
Page 624 and 625:
CCIR System 1. Former designation,
Page 626 and 627:
“combination” (of the RF parame
Page 628 and 629:
Y’C B C R , and MAC. Distinguishe
Page 630 and 631:
CVBS Composite video with burst and
Page 632 and 633:
Decimation Resampling producing few
Page 634 and 635:
DVCPRO50 Digital video cassette, pr
Page 636 and 637:
along with all associated preceding
Page 638 and 639:
correction is usually performed at
Page 640 and 641:
Interstitial 1. Chroma subsampling
Page 642 and 643:
Level 1. In video, generally, the a
Page 644 and 645:
M-JPEG A technique or file format u
Page 646 and 647:
Nit Candela per meter squared, cd·
Page 648 and 649:
PAL, nonmathematical A PAL (1) syst
Page 650 and 651:
R’-Y’ See B’-Y’, R’-Y’,
Page 652 and 653:
tion. The precise color interpretat
Page 654 and 655:
SDTI Serial data transmission inter
Page 656 and 657:
Transcoding 1. Traditionally, conve
Page 658 and 659:
VHS Video Home System: A consumer a
Page 660 and 661:
α, alpha (absorptance) 602 α, alp
Page 662 and 663:
5000 K (color temperature) 225 525/
Page 664 and 665:
aspect ratio (cont’d) 4:3 in 480i
Page 666 and 667:
Bringhurst, Robert xliv British Sta
Page 668 and 669:
clipping (cont’d) of C B and C R,
Page 670 and 671:
composite (cont’d) NTSC and PAL 9
Page 672 and 673:
decoder controls 346 conventional l
Page 674 and 675:
EIAJ 573 electro-optical transfer f
Page 676 and 677:
filter (cont’d) and sampling 141-
Page 678 and 679:
grayscale 35 see also gamma green 2
Page 680 and 681:
intensity (cont’d) radiant (I) 20
Page 682 and 683:
level (cont’d) of AC coefficient
Page 684 and 685:
McLellan, J.H. 167 MCU (minimum cod
Page 686 and 687:
NTSC (cont’d) primary chromaticit
Page 688 and 689:
pixel (cont’d) bilevel 34 graysca
Page 690 and 691:
ate (cont’d) sampling, 13.5 MHz 9
Page 692 and 693:
saturation 212 and colorbars 535 an
Page 694 and 695:
spatiotemporal domain 10 (sketch) S
Page 696 and 697:
tone reproduction curve (TRC) see t
Page 698 and 699:
viewing (cont’d) distance (cont
Page 700 and 701:
sketch by Kevin Melia About the aut
show all

DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?