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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
- Page 271 and 272:
See Headroom and footroom, on page
- Page 273 and 274:
Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
- Page 338 and 339:
danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
- Page 342 and 343:
See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
- Page 344 and 345:
Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
- Page 391 and 392:
SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
- Page 395 and 396:
SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
- Page 403 and 404:
SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
- Page 405 and 406:
SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
- Page 442 and 443:
Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
- Page 444 and 445:
Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
- Page 446 and 447:
For a modest improvement over 2-tap
- Page 448 and 449:
Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
- Page 450:
IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
- Page 458 and 459:
Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
- Page 460 and 461:
In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
- Page 462 and 463:
Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
- Page 464 and 465:
Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
- Page 468 and 469:
Concerning DVC recording, see page
- Page 470 and 471:
356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
- Page 472 and 473:
CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
- Page 474 and 475:
For a more elaborate description, a
- Page 476 and 477:
DV HD HD stands for high definition
- Page 478:
IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
- Page 481 and 482:
MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
- Page 483 and 484:
422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
- Page 485 and 486:
Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
- Page 487 and 488:
If horizontal size or vertical size
- Page 489 and 490: A prediction region in an anchor fr
- Page 491 and 492: Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
- Page 493 and 494: Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
- Page 495 and 496: Distributed refresh does not guaran
- Page 497 and 498: Whether an encoder actually searche
- Page 499 and 500: Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
- Page 501 and 502: Group of pictures (GOP header) the
- Page 503 and 504: Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
- Page 506 and 507: f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
- Page 508 and 509: Concerning closed captions, see ANS
- Page 510 and 511: CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
- Page 512 and 513: SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
- Page 514 and 515: 8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
- Page 516 and 517: Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
- Page 518 and 519: 480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
- Page 520 and 521: Concerning the association of U wit
- Page 522 and 523: IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
- Page 524 and 525: 8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
- Page 526 and 527: Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
- Page 528 and 529: For details concerning VITC in 576i
- Page 530 and 531: CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
- Page 532 and 533: SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
- Page 534 and 535: Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
- Page 536 and 537: 1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
- Page 538 and 539: See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
- Page 542 and 543: ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
- Page 544 and 545: Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
- Page 546 and 547: ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
- Page 548 and 549: Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
- Page 550 and 551: ( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
- Page 552: Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
- Page 555 and 556: tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
- Page 557 and 558: 550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
- Page 559 and 560: Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
- Page 561 and 562: Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
- Page 564 and 565: SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
- Page 566 and 567: tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
- Page 568 and 569: Trilevel sync comprises a negative
- Page 570 and 571: Vertical interval video lines do no
- Page 572 and 573: RGB primary components Picture info
- Page 574: mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
- Page 578 and 579: ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
- Page 580 and 581: PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
- Page 582 and 583: Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
- Page 584 and 585: SECAM had an advantage during the 1
- Page 586 and 587: Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
- Page 588 and 589: Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
- Page 590 and 591:
CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
- Page 592:
VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
- Page 595 and 596:
NHK Science and Technical Research
- Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
- Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
- Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
- Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
- Page 606 and 607:
When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
- Page 608 and 609:
ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
- Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
- Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
- Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
- Page 617 and 618:
50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
- Page 619 and 620:
601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
- Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
- Page 623 and 624:
BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
- Page 625 and 626:
CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
- Page 627 and 628:
information rate of the color diffe
- Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
- Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
- Page 633 and 634:
Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
- Page 635 and 636:
2. In traditional video usage, the
- Page 637 and 638:
G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
- Page 639 and 640:
4. User-accessible means to adjust
- Page 641 and 642:
K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
- Page 643 and 644:
Luma A video signal representative
- Page 645 and 646:
2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
- Page 647 and 648:
Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
- Page 649 and 650:
numerical parameter having a value
- Page 651 and 652:
Rendering intent Encoding and subse
- Page 653 and 654:
which is a function of the distribu
- Page 655 and 656:
Standards conversion Conversion, in
- Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
- Page 659 and 660:
Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
- Page 661 and 662:
177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
- Page 663 and 664:
ambient illumination (cont’d) in
- Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
- Page 667 and 668:
chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
- Page 669 and 670:
color (cont’d) difference coding
- Page 671 and 672:
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
- Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
- Page 675 and 676:
factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
- Page 677 and 678:
framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
- Page 679 and 680:
hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
- Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
- Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
- Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
- Page 687 and 688:
Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
- Page 689 and 690:
pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
- Page 691 and 692:
RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
- Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
- Page 695 and 696:
SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
- Page 697 and 698:
uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
- Page 699 and 700:
widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
- Page 701:
This book is set in the Syntax type