DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It is dangerous to refer to fields in 576i as odd and even. Use first field and second field instead. 576i component video 43 This chapter details the scanning, timing, sync structure, and picture structure of 576i25 (625/50/2:1) video. The scanning and timing information here applies to all variants of 576i25 video, both analog and digital. The sync information relates to component analog, composite analog, and composite digital systems. I assume that you are familiar with 480i component video, described on page 499. Frame rate 576i video represents stationary or moving two-dimensional images sampled temporally at a constant rate of 25 frames per second. For studio video, the tolerance on frame rate is normally ±4 ppm. In practice the tolerance applies to a master clock at a high frequency, but for purposes of computation and standards writing it is convenient to reference the tolerance to the frame rate. Interlace A frame comprises a total of 625 horizontal raster lines of equal duration, uniformly scanned top to bottom and left to right, with 2:1 interlace to form a first field and a second field. Scanning lines in the second field are displaced vertically by half the vertical sampling pitch, and delayed temporally by half the frame time, from scanning lines in the first field. In MPEG-2 terms, the first field is the top field. Lines are numbered consecutively throughout the frame, starting at 1. 519
Table 43.1 576i line assignment EQ Equalization pulse BR Broad pulse ‡ Burst suppressed if –135° phase § Burst suppressed unconditionally In 4fSCPAL, line recommended for 1137 STL (“reset”) † VANC is permitted only on lines 20 through 22 and 333 through 335. ◊ The thick vertical bar at the right indicates lines carried in 576i or 576p MPEG-2 according to SMPTE RP 202. (The vertical center of the picture is located midway between lines 479 and 167.) Unfortunately, 576i DV systems digitize a range one image row up from this. Line number, first field (F=0) Line number, second field (F=1) V Contents, Left half Contents, Right half 313 EQ BR 1 BR BR 314 BR BR 2 BR BR 315 BR BR 3 BR EQ 316 EQ EQ 4 EQ EQ 317 EQ EQ 5 EQ EQ 318 EQ none ‡ 6 Vertical interval video ‡ 319 Vertical interval video 7–18 Vertical interval video 320–331 Vertical interval video 19 VITC 332 VITC † 20 Vertical interval video † 333 Vertical interval video † 21 VITC (ITS radiated) † 334 VITC (ITS radiated) † 22 Quiet † 335 Quiet 23 WSS Picture ◊ 336–622 Picture (287 lines) 24– ‡310 Picture (287 lines) § 623 Picture EQ 311 EQ EQ 624 EQ EQ 312 EQ EQ 625 EQ EQ 520 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES V = 0 (576 lines)
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
Page 476 and 477: DV HD HD stands for high definition
Page 478: IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
Page 481 and 482: MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
Page 483 and 484: 422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
Page 485 and 486: Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
Page 487 and 488: If horizontal size or vertical size
Page 489 and 490: A prediction region in an anchor fr
Page 491 and 492: Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
Page 493 and 494: Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
Page 495 and 496: Distributed refresh does not guaran
Page 497 and 498: Whether an encoder actually searche
Page 499 and 500: Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
Page 501 and 502: Group of pictures (GOP header) the
Page 503 and 504: Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
Page 506 and 507: f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509: Concerning closed captions, see ANS
Page 510 and 511: CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
Page 512 and 513: SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 514 and 515: 8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
Page 516 and 517: Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
Page 518 and 519: 480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
Page 520 and 521: Concerning the association of U wit
Page 522 and 523: IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
Page 524 and 525: 8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
Page 528 and 529: For details concerning VITC in 576i
Page 530 and 531: CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
Page 532 and 533: SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 534 and 535: Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
Page 536 and 537: 1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
Page 538 and 539: See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
Page 540 and 541: 8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
Page 542 and 543: ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
Page 544 and 545: Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547: ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
Page 548 and 549: Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
Page 550 and 551: ( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
Page 552: Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
Page 555 and 556: tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
Page 557 and 558: 550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 559 and 560: Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
Page 561 and 562: Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
Page 564 and 565: SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
Page 566 and 567: tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
Page 568 and 569: Trilevel sync comprises a negative
Page 570 and 571: Vertical interval video lines do no
Page 572 and 573: RGB primary components Picture info
Page 574: mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
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ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
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Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
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SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
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Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
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VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
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NHK Science and Technical Research
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I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
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Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
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YUV and luminance considered harmfu
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Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
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When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
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ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
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Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
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Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
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Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
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50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
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601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
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B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
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BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
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CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
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information rate of the color diffe
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Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
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D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
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Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
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2. In traditional video usage, the
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G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
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4. User-accessible means to adjust
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K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
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Luma A video signal representative
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2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
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Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
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numerical parameter having a value
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Rendering intent Encoding and subse
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which is a function of the distribu
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Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
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Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
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177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
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ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
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chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
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color (cont’d) difference coding
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CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
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factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
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framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
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hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
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Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
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pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
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RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
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SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
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uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
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widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701:
This book is set in the Syntax type
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