DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Part 3 Video compression 38 JPEG and motion-JPEG (M-JPEG) compression 447 39 DV compression 461 40 MPEG-2 video compression 473 445
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
Page 401 and 402: See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
Page 403 and 404: SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
Page 405 and 406: SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
Page 407 and 408: A Naive combined sync establishes h
Page 409 and 410: 1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
Page 411 and 412: Most lines have a single normalwidt
Page 413 and 414: 1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
Page 415 and 416: Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
Page 418 and 419: Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
Page 420 and 421: In consumer VCR search mode playbac
Page 422 and 423: Heads for other longitudinal tracks
Page 424 and 425: The term sync in sync block is unre
Page 426 and 427: Notation Component analog VTRs are
Page 428 and 429: Even if playback errors are so seve
Page 430 and 431: Notation Method Tape width (track p
Page 432 and 433: D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
Page 434 and 435: D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
Page 436 and 437: Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
Page 438 and 439: Film is transferred to 576i25 video
Page 440 and 441: FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
Page 442 and 443: Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
Page 444 and 445: Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
Page 446 and 447: For a modest improvement over 2-tap
Page 448 and 449: Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
Page 450: IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
Page 455 and 456: Figure 38.1 A JPEG 4:2:0 minimum co
Page 457 and 458: Figure 38.3 JPEG block diagram show
Page 459 and 460: Figure 38.4 An 8×8 array of luma s
Page 461 and 462: In the JPEG and MPEG standards, and
Page 463 and 464: MPEG’s VLE tables are standardize
Page 465 and 466: Figure 38.13 Because the quantizer
Page 467 and 468: Rabbani, Majid, and Paul W. Jones,
Page 469 and 470: 0 1 2 3 4 On page 468, I will discu
Page 471 and 472: vertical frequency AC coefficients
Page 473 and 474: What DV standards call level is the
Page 475 and 476: Consumer DV variants - SD, LP, SDL,
Page 477 and 478: The downsampling inherent in D-12 c
Page 480 and 481: I assume that you are familiar with
Page 482 and 483: Profile @Level High (HL) High-1440
Page 484 and 485: Profile@Level Samples/ line (S AL)
Page 486 and 487: 4:2:0 (top field) Y’ 0 Y’ 1 Y
Page 488 and 489: Inverse quantization is sometimes d
Page 490 and 491: Table 40.7 MPEG macroblock types Pr
Page 492 and 493: A perverse encoder could use an int
Page 494 and 495: Figure 40.5 Field DCT type creates
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 40 MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION
Page 498 and 499: This method is sometimes called “
Page 500 and 501: An MPEG bitstream must be construct
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structure,” where slices cover th
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Part 4 Studio standards 41 480i com
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Table 41.1 480i line assignment EQ
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EIA and FCC standards in the United
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SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
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63. 555 732 − 716 30. 593 ≈ −
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The P B and P R scale factors are a
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standards use setup, and neither gi
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455 2 × 525 = 119437. 5 Colorframe
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Certain elements of the vertical in
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Eq 42.6 Eq 42.7 SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit
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714 2 Voltage, mV / 7 53 0 4 / 7 -2
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Table 43.1 576i line assignment EQ
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Line 623 commences with a normal sy
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SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
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8:8:8 denoted sampling of 576i (or
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H Figu
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PAL +135° burst lies on the U-V ax
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Coding extends to 1.3 times the pic
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Voltage, mV 700 350 BBC/ITA, Specif
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Figure 45.2 Colorbar R’G’B’ p
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hue saturation Alternatively, the r
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Figure 45.6 Modulated ramp waveform
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RAISED COSINE SIN SQUARED Figure 45
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Figure 45.11 Modulated 12.5T pulse
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SMPTE 296M, 1280 × 720 Progressive
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0 H precedes the first word of SAV
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702 lines high, centered on the pro
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -40 +40 0H
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Amplitude ripple tolerance in the p
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24 1. 001 30 1. 001 60 1. 001 ≈
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0H precedes the first word of SAV b
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mV +300 Sync 0 -300 +350 +300 PB, P
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564 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
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Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Part 5 Broadcast and consumer stand
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In 1993, the International Radio Co
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Main audio program, (monophonic) Fr
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Only CN/PAL is deployed today - in
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ITU-R system Colloquial Scanning fS
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NTSC-4.43 The NTSC-4.43 scheme, som
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Incoherent subcarrier Many consumer
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Color-under recording was introduce
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Digital television broadcast standa
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MPEG-2 specifies upper bounds for p
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DVB standards are promulgated by ET
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Appendices A YUV and luminance cons
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for 500 pounds of cement, you will
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Pratt, William K., Digital Image Pr
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Eq B.1 Radiant exitance sums emitte
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A lumen is produced by about 1.5 mW
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Michael Brill and Bob Hunt agree th
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Glossary of video signal terms This
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2. An SDTV component digital video
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Alpha, α In computer graphics, a c
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235 at an 8-bit component (Rec. 601
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CCIR System 1. Former designation,
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“combination” (of the RF parame
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Y’C B C R , and MAC. Distinguishe
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CVBS Composite video with burst and
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Decimation Resampling producing few
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DVCPRO50 Digital video cassette, pr
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along with all associated preceding
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correction is usually performed at
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Interstitial 1. Chroma subsampling
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Level 1. In video, generally, the a
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M-JPEG A technique or file format u
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Nit Candela per meter squared, cd·
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PAL, nonmathematical A PAL (1) syst
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R’-Y’ See B’-Y’, R’-Y’,
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tion. The precise color interpretat
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SDTI Serial data transmission inter
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Transcoding 1. Traditionally, conve
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VHS Video Home System: A consumer a
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α, alpha (absorptance) 602 α, alp
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5000 K (color temperature) 225 525/
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aspect ratio (cont’d) 4:3 in 480i
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Bringhurst, Robert xliv British Sta
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clipping (cont’d) of C B and C R,
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composite (cont’d) NTSC and PAL 9
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decoder controls 346 conventional l
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EIAJ 573 electro-optical transfer f
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filter (cont’d) and sampling 141-
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grayscale 35 see also gamma green 2
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intensity (cont’d) radiant (I) 20
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level (cont’d) of AC coefficient
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McLellan, J.H. 167 MCU (minimum cod
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NTSC (cont’d) primary chromaticit
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pixel (cont’d) bilevel 34 graysca
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ate (cont’d) sampling, 13.5 MHz 9
Page 692 and 693:
saturation 212 and colorbars 535 an
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spatiotemporal domain 10 (sketch) S
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tone reproduction curve (TRC) see t
Page 698 and 699:
viewing (cont’d) distance (cont
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sketch by Kevin Melia About the aut
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