DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms and Interfaces
Page 4 and 5: The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Compu
Page 6 and 7: Dedication In memory of my mother,
Page 8: Part 1 Introduction 1 Raster images
Page 11 and 12: Video image Film image Video 4:3 1.
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1.6 Digitization comprises s
Page 15 and 16: E FP TOZ LPED PECFD EDFCZP FELPOPZD
Page 17 and 18: SPATIAL Figure 1.13 Spatiotemporal
Page 19 and 20: See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
Page 21 and 22: Pixel value, 8-bit scale 0 50 100 1
Page 23 and 24: Luma and color difference component
Page 25 and 26: Eq 2.1 Power ratio, in decibels: P
Page 27 and 28: Eq 2.4 Theoretical SNR limit for a
Page 29 and 30: Bellamy, John C., Digital Telephony
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.5 Mid-tread quantizer for
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3.2 Brightness control has t
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3.5 Brightness (or black lev
Page 37 and 38: Gain factor, k 3 2 1 0 -100 -50 0 +
Page 39 and 40: Symbolic Image Description Raster I
Page 41 and 42: Raster images There are four distin
Page 43 and 44: R’G’B’ codes in hicolor syste
Page 45 and 46: Figure 4.5 Pseudocolor (8-bit) grap
Page 47 and 48: Ashdown, Ian, Color Quantization Bi
Page 49 and 50: device pixels. However, a graphic s
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5.2 Gaussian reconstruction
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 5.6 Moiré pattern a form of
Page 55 and 56:
Spot profile The designer of a disp
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Pixel 72 ppi 0.35 mm CRT spot 0.63
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The fovea has a diameter of about 1
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Figure 6.2 Blanking intervals for
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Figure 6.5 Interlaced scanning form
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Figure 6.7 Horizontal and vertical
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Computing notation 640 480 480i 29.
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Poynton, Charles, “Motion portray
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Transcoding refers to the technical
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Magnitude frequency response, relat
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I introduced twitter on page 57. Mi
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6 TVL/PH (“6 lines“) 3 C/PH 4 C
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Studio SDTV has 720 S AL ; resoluti
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Twitter and scan-line visibility ar
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Figure 8.1 Formation of relative lu
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Figure 8.7 Rearranged decoder R G B
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R G B 0.5 R’ G’ B’ Figure 8.1
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Figure 9.1 Surround effect. The thr
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Figure 9.2 Imposition of rendering
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In the sRGB standard, the exponent
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The prime symbols here, and in foll
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R’G’B’ 4:4:4 Y’CBCR 4:4:4 4
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CY’ Y’ C Y Y’ Y’ CY’ Y’
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The video literature often calls th
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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† The EBU N10 component analog in
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Frame 0 Frame 1 Y’ 0 Y’ 1 Y’
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sampling, and it is difficult to im
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By NTSC and PAL, I do not mean 480i
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Y’UV (or Y’IQ) CHROMA MODULATE
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525 910 768 483 NTSC Figure 12.3 48
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Fujio, T., J. Ishida, T. Komoto, an
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720p60 1280 × 720 1080p30, 1080i30
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1125/25 1125/24 S TL 1125 1125 2640
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Introduction to video compression 1
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JPEG stands for Joint Photographic
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Base value When encoding interlaced
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Figure 14.4 An MPEG B-picture is ge
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Figure 14.7 Example 9-frame GOP wit
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ITU-R Rec. BT.601-5, Studio encodin
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Figure 15.2 Rec. 656 component digi
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The 23.976 Hz, 29.97 Hz, and 59.94
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CENELEC EN 50083-9, Cabled distribu
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In a vacuum, light travels 0.299972
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Subcarrier phase is sometimes inacc
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Part 2 Principles 16 Filtering and
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Figure 16.1 Cosine waves less than
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Figure 16.3 Point sampling runs the
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Strictly speaking, amplitude is an
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A near-ideal filter in analog video
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Clarke, R.J., Transform Coding of I
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Averaging neighboring samples is th
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Figure 16.16 Block diagram of 5-tap
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IN Figure 16.19 Comb filter block d
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In Equation 16.2, g is a sequence (
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What a signal processing engineer c
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Here I represent frequency by the s
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Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
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Insertion gain, dB Insertion gain,
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1.6 1.4 1.2
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I write resampling ratios in the fo
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2:1 downsampling Color video origin
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In certain FIR filters whose corner
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Figure 17.6 Cubic interpolation of
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Only symmetric FIR filters exhibit
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In the logic design of this example
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Second, FIR filters usually have fi
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Figure 18.1 Horizontal domain Figur
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Figure 18.6 Vertical spatial freque
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Figure 18.9 Response of [1, 1] FIR
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A raised cosine distribution is rou
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Boynton, Robert M., Human Color Vis
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Diffuse white was described on page
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Schreiber, William F., Fundamentals
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Figure 19.5 Contrast sensitivity fu
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In Color science for video, on page
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Luminous efficiency, relative 1.0 0
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My notation is outlined in Figure 2
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To compute L* from optical density
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About 8% of men and 0.4% of women h
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Pronounced mehta-MAIR-ik and meh-TA
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Response 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 CIE No 15.
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X 0.0143 0.0004 T 0.0679 Y = 0.0435
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y 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
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Figure 21.8 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Relative power 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 The
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L*u*v* and L*a*b* are sometimes wri
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Eq 21.12 CIE L*a*b* 16 Eq 21.13 7.
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Linear-Light Tristimulus Image Codi
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Color science for video 22 Classica
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B G R 400 500 600 700 Wavelength, n
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y 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
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SMPTE RP 145, SMPTE C Color Monitor
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To understand the mathematical deta
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A sensor element is a photosite. In
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SPD of Red primary SPD of Green pri
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SPD of Red primary SPD of Green pri
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Matrixed sensitivity of Red Matrixe
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SMPTE RP 177, Derivation of Basic T
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Eq 22.11 Eq 22.12 Eq 22.13 As an ex
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Pointer, M.R., “The Gamut of Real
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Luminance is proportional to intens
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Luminance, cd•m -2 120 100 80 60
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Many video engineers are unfamiliar
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Figure 23.3 Rec. 709 transfer funct
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SMPTE 240M, 1125-Line High- Definit
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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4 5 220 990 990 2 10 In Rec. 601 co
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Luminance, relative Details will be
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Berns, R.S., R.J. Motta, and M.E. G
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The Macintosh computer by default i
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Luminance, L (relative) 1.0 0.8 0.6
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Figure 23.9 Linear and nonlinear co
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Luma and color differences 24 This
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In video, codeword (or codepoint) r
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Figure 24.2 Y’P B P R cube is for
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Y’ P B P R CHROMA INTERPOLATE Fig
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Figure 24.5 Luminance and luma nota
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The Rec. 601 luma coefficients were
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digital subsampling schemes. In 4:2
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Y’CBCR e.g., 4:2:2 CHROMA INTERPO
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It’s sensible to use the term col
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System Notation Color difference sc
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Video uses the symbols U and V to r
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Figure 25.1 B’-Y’, R’-Y’ co
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See Table 24.2A on page 299; Compon
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Figure 25.3 CBCR components for SDT
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Eq 25.8 Eq 25.9 Eq 25.10 Eq 25.11 A
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Figure 25.5 CBCR “full range” c
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Component video color coding for HD
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Figure 26.2 P B P R components for
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Eq 26.5 Eq 26.6 Eq 26.7 To form 709
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Eq 26.9 Eq 26.10 Eq 26.11 To decode
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Eq 26.14 ITU-R Rec. BT.709, Basic p
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See Scanning parameters, on page 54
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HDTV standards specify that the 50%
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714 2 Voltage, mV IRE units Voltage
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The sharpness control in consumer r
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LUMA or R’G’B’ Figure 27.4 Co
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Porter, Thomas, and Tom Duff, “Co
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Figure 28.1 UV components are scale
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Figure 28.2 Spectra of U, V, and mo
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Y’ U V 1.3 MHz 1.3 MHz SUBCARRIER
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Y’ U V SUBCARRIER OSCILLATOR sin
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Figure 28.8 UV components in PAL di
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The S-video connector is sketched o
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NTSC and PAL frequency interleaving
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Figure 29.3 NTSC chroma is limited
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO In Consumer an
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fSC,PAL-B/G/H/I ≈ fH,576i 1135 4
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In digital signal processing, a 90
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Figure 29.13 Spatial frequency spec
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Figure 29.17 Spatial frequency spec
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In composite NTSC and PAL video, co
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See Notch filtering, on page 349. N
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Figure 30.1 IQ components are forme
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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Frame, field, line, and sample rate
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For details, consult the Hazeltine
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50 1135 625 × 2 4 4 433618750 ⎛
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ITU-R Rec. BT.601-5, Studio encodin
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horizontal and vertical dimensions
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SMPTE 262M, Binary Groups of Time a
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The final field in an hour of 480i2
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SMPTE RP 164, Location of Vertical
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Table 32.1A Timecode bit assignment
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I use the subscript h to denote a h
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Word Value MSB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Word Value MSB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LS
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To determine whether a line that is
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Details of the application of SDI i
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In analog interlaced video, 0 V den
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A B C D E (First field, 480i29.97)
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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FRONT PORCH 0 H SYNCTIP BACK PORCH
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CVBS refers to composite video, bla
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Figure 34.9 Type-F connector Y’ s
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TAPE MOTION The 180° wrap yields a
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field rate, however; at 1 ⁄3 of i
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Mechanical synchronization is calle
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Watkinson, John, Coding for Digital
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This is sometimes called error chec
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D-5 Panasonic’s D-5 DVTR was intr
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Concerning the formation of coded m
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Notation Method Tape Data rate, Mb/
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Gregory, Stephen, Introduction to t
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EBU Tech. R62, Recommended dominant
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FILM FRAMES VIDEO FIELDS Figure 36.
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SMPTE RP 197, Film-to-Video Transfe
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satellite - the situation is more c
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Poynton, Charles, “Motion portray
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VERTICAL TEMPORAL Figure 37.8 V·T
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IN Figure 37.15 [1, 4, 6, 4, 1] tra
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Part 3 Video compression 38 JPEG an
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Figure 38.1 A JPEG 4:2:0 minimum co
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Figure 38.3 JPEG block diagram show
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Figure 38.4 An 8×8 array of luma s
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In the JPEG and MPEG standards, and
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MPEG’s VLE tables are standardize
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Figure 38.13 Because the quantizer
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Rabbani, Majid, and Paul W. Jones,
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0 1 2 3 4 On page 468, I will discu
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vertical frequency AC coefficients
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What DV standards call level is the
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Consumer DV variants - SD, LP, SDL,
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The downsampling inherent in D-12 c
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I assume that you are familiar with
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Profile @Level High (HL) High-1440
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Profile@Level Samples/ line (S AL)
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4:2:0 (top field) Y’ 0 Y’ 1 Y
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Inverse quantization is sometimes d
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Table 40.7 MPEG macroblock types Pr
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A perverse encoder could use an int
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Figure 40.5 Field DCT type creates
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CHAPTER 40 MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION
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This method is sometimes called “
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An MPEG bitstream must be construct
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structure,” where slices cover th
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Part 4 Studio standards 41 480i com
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Table 41.1 480i line assignment EQ
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EIA and FCC standards in the United
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SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
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63. 555 732 − 716 30. 593 ≈ −
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The P B and P R scale factors are a
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standards use setup, and neither gi
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455 2 × 525 = 119437. 5 Colorframe
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Certain elements of the vertical in
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Eq 42.6 Eq 42.7 SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit
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714 2 Voltage, mV / 7 53 0 4 / 7 -2
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Table 43.1 576i line assignment EQ
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Line 623 commences with a normal sy
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SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
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8:8:8 denoted sampling of 576i (or
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H Figu
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PAL +135° burst lies on the U-V ax
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Coding extends to 1.3 times the pic
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Voltage, mV 700 350 BBC/ITA, Specif
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Figure 45.2 Colorbar R’G’B’ p
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hue saturation Alternatively, the r
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Figure 45.6 Modulated ramp waveform
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RAISED COSINE SIN SQUARED Figure 45
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Figure 45.11 Modulated 12.5T pulse
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SMPTE 296M, 1280 × 720 Progressive
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0 H precedes the first word of SAV
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702 lines high, centered on the pro
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -40 +40 0H
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Amplitude ripple tolerance in the p
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24 1. 001 30 1. 001 60 1. 001 ≈
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0H precedes the first word of SAV b
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mV +300 Sync 0 -300 +350 +300 PB, P
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564 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
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Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Part 5 Broadcast and consumer stand
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In 1993, the International Radio Co
Page 581 and 582:
Main audio program, (monophonic) Fr
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Only CN/PAL is deployed today - in
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ITU-R system Colloquial Scanning fS
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NTSC-4.43 The NTSC-4.43 scheme, som
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Incoherent subcarrier Many consumer
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Color-under recording was introduce
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Digital television broadcast standa
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MPEG-2 specifies upper bounds for p
Page 598 and 599:
DVB standards are promulgated by ET
Page 600:
Appendices A YUV and luminance cons
Page 603 and 604:
for 500 pounds of cement, you will
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Pratt, William K., Digital Image Pr
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Eq B.1 Radiant exitance sums emitte
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A lumen is produced by about 1.5 mW
Page 613 and 614:
Michael Brill and Bob Hunt agree th
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Glossary of video signal terms This
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2. An SDTV component digital video
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Alpha, α In computer graphics, a c
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235 at an 8-bit component (Rec. 601
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CCIR System 1. Former designation,
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“combination” (of the RF parame
Page 628 and 629:
Y’C B C R , and MAC. Distinguishe
Page 630 and 631:
CVBS Composite video with burst and
Page 632 and 633:
Decimation Resampling producing few
Page 634 and 635:
DVCPRO50 Digital video cassette, pr
Page 636 and 637:
along with all associated preceding
Page 638 and 639:
correction is usually performed at
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Interstitial 1. Chroma subsampling
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Level 1. In video, generally, the a
Page 644 and 645:
M-JPEG A technique or file format u
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Nit Candela per meter squared, cd·
Page 648 and 649:
PAL, nonmathematical A PAL (1) syst
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R’-Y’ See B’-Y’, R’-Y’,
Page 652 and 653:
tion. The precise color interpretat
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SDTI Serial data transmission inter
Page 656 and 657:
Transcoding 1. Traditionally, conve
Page 658 and 659:
VHS Video Home System: A consumer a
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α, alpha (absorptance) 602 α, alp
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5000 K (color temperature) 225 525/
Page 664 and 665:
aspect ratio (cont’d) 4:3 in 480i
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Bringhurst, Robert xliv British Sta
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clipping (cont’d) of C B and C R,
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composite (cont’d) NTSC and PAL 9
Page 672 and 673:
decoder controls 346 conventional l
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EIAJ 573 electro-optical transfer f
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filter (cont’d) and sampling 141-
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grayscale 35 see also gamma green 2
Page 680 and 681:
intensity (cont’d) radiant (I) 20
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level (cont’d) of AC coefficient
Page 684 and 685:
McLellan, J.H. 167 MCU (minimum cod
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NTSC (cont’d) primary chromaticit
Page 688 and 689:
pixel (cont’d) bilevel 34 graysca
Page 690 and 691:
ate (cont’d) sampling, 13.5 MHz 9
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saturation 212 and colorbars 535 an
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spatiotemporal domain 10 (sketch) S
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tone reproduction curve (TRC) see t
Page 698 and 699:
viewing (cont’d) distance (cont
Page 700 and 701:
sketch by Kevin Melia About the aut
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