DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Notation Component analog VTRs are ordinarily equipped with NTSC or PAL decoders and encoders, so as to accept and produce NTSC and PAL signals. M-2 is an exception to SMPTE’s usual single-letter designation. SMPTE type Method Tape width a Type-B B Direct color, segmented scan 1 inch 430 Type-C C Direct color 1 inch 430 U-matic E Color-under 3 ⁄4 inch 250 U-matic SP Color-under 3 ⁄4 inch 320 Betacam L Component analog (CTDM) 1 ⁄2 inch (Beta) 320 Betacam SP L Component analog (CTDM) 1 ⁄2 inch (Beta, MP) 360 M-II M-2 Component analog (CTDM) 1 ⁄2 inch (VHS, MP) 400 Betamax Color-under 1 ⁄2 inch (Beta) 240 VHS, VHS-C H Color-under 1 ⁄2 inch 240 S-VHS H Color-under 1 ⁄2 inch 400 Video-8 (8 mm) Color-under 8 mm 280 Hi8 Color-under 8 mm MP/ME 400 a Tape is metal oxide, unless indicated as MP (metal particle). Resolution, TVL/PH (approx.) Table 35.1 Analog videotape formats for SDTV are summarized. At the top are studio formats; the shaded rows at the bottom are consumer formats. compressed by a factor of 2:1; the time-compressed chroma waveforms for each line are concatenated and then recorded on a second track. (This is called component time-division multiplexing, CTDM.) The recorded signal has no subcarrier, and although timebase correction is necessary, no subcarrier-related processing is associated with recording or playback. Heterodyne (color-under) recording is used in 3 ⁄4-inch (U-matic) VTRs, and in consumer Betamax, VHS, S-VHS, Video-8 (8 mm), and Hi8 VCRs. (See page 583.) Analog videotape formats Table 35.1 summarizes SDTV analog videotape formats. SMPTE has jurisdiction to standardize studio formats; surprisingly, SMPTE has also documented the VHS and S-VHS consumer formats. SMPTE designates an analog videotape format with a single letter. CHAPTER 35 VIDEOTAPE RECORDING 419
This is sometimes called error checking and correction (ECC). Digital VTR signal processing Error correction refers to perfect correction, by playback or receiver circuits, of errors introduced in recording or transmission. Redundant forward error-correction (FEC) information is inserted by the recorder or transmitter; correction is effected by the decoder’s using that information to perfectly reconstruct the errored bits. Uncorrectable errors may be introduced in recording or playback, perhaps due to physical media problems such as scratches or dropouts of the magnetic coating on the tape. These errors are detected by playback circuits, but they are beyond the code’s correction capability. Error concealment refers to masking, by playback or receiver circuits, of such errors. Concealment is accomplished by replacing errored samples with values estimated by interpolation. Error checking and correction in DVTRs is ordinarily accomplished by two concatenated processes, an outer code, and an inner code, so named for their positions in a block diagram of encoding and decoding with the magnetic tape at the center. In outer coding, video data is arranged in arrays called outer code blocks that are related to the image array. Outer coding appends one or more rows of check bytes to each outer code block. The check bytes are capable of correcting a small number of errored bytes in each column. In the D-1 standard, the array has 12 columns and 30 rows of 8-bit bytes; outer coding appends two rows of check bytes that enable correction of up to two errored bytes in each column. Inner coding appends columns of check bytes. In the D-1 standard, four bytes are appended to each 60-byte row. The code is capable of correcting any single errored byte. The code has a very high probability of detecting errors in excess of one byte; such errors are flagged for treatment by the outer decoder. A severe error in one row, perhaps caused by a long tape dropout, might invalidate the entire row. However, this causes only a one-byte error in each column of the outer code, so these errors are likely to be correctable. 420 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
Page 5 and 6:
Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
Page 10 and 11:
Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
Page 24 and 25:
Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
Page 36 and 37:
Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
Page 38 and 39:
Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
Page 46 and 47:
The browser-safe palette forms a ra
Page 48 and 49:
Image width is the product of socal
Page 50 and 51:
Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
Page 94 and 95:
Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
Page 102 and 103:
The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
Page 121 and 122:
ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
Page 133 and 134:
Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
Page 145 and 146:
Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
Page 375 and 376: Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
Page 377 and 378: A decoder cannot determine whether
Page 379 and 380: 525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
Page 381 and 382: 60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
Page 383 and 384: Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
Page 385 and 386: 60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
Page 387 and 388: 3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
Page 389 and 390: See Frame, field, line, and sample
Page 391 and 392: SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
Page 393 and 394: The IRE unit is introduced on page
Page 395 and 396: SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
Page 397 and 398: The V and H bits are asserted durin
Page 399 and 400: * 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
Page 401 and 402: See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
Page 403 and 404: SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
Page 405 and 406: SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
Page 407 and 408: A Naive combined sync establishes h
Page 409 and 410: 1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
Page 411 and 412: Most lines have a single normalwidt
Page 413 and 414: 1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
Page 415 and 416: Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
Page 418 and 419: Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
Page 420 and 421: In consumer VCR search mode playbac
Page 422 and 423: Heads for other longitudinal tracks
Page 424 and 425: The term sync in sync block is unre
Page 428 and 429: Even if playback errors are so seve
Page 430 and 431: Notation Method Tape width (track p
Page 432 and 433: D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
Page 434 and 435: D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
Page 436 and 437: Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
Page 438 and 439: Film is transferred to 576i25 video
Page 440 and 441: FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
Page 442 and 443: Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
Page 444 and 445: Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
Page 446 and 447: For a modest improvement over 2-tap
Page 448 and 449: Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
Page 450: IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
Page 454 and 455: ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
Page 456 and 457: Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
Page 458 and 459: Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
Page 460 and 461: In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
Page 462 and 463: Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
Page 464 and 465: Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
Page 466 and 467: Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
Page 468 and 469: Concerning DVC recording, see page
Page 470 and 471: 356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
Page 472 and 473: CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
Page 474 and 475: For a more elaborate description, a
Page 476 and 477:
DV HD HD stands for high definition
Page 478:
IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
Page 481 and 482:
MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
Page 483 and 484:
422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
Page 485 and 486:
Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
Page 489 and 490:
A prediction region in an anchor fr
Page 491 and 492:
Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
Page 493 and 494:
Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
Page 495 and 496:
Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
Page 499 and 500:
Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
Page 501 and 502:
Group of pictures (GOP header) the
Page 503 and 504:
Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
Page 506 and 507:
f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509:
Concerning closed captions, see ANS
Page 510 and 511:
CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
Page 512 and 513:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 514 and 515:
8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
Page 518 and 519:
480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
Page 520 and 521:
Concerning the association of U wit
Page 522 and 523:
IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
Page 524 and 525:
8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
Page 526 and 527:
Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
Page 528 and 529:
For details concerning VITC in 576i
Page 530 and 531:
CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
Page 532 and 533:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 534 and 535:
Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
Page 536 and 537:
1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
Page 538 and 539:
See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
Page 540 and 541:
8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
Page 542 and 543:
ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
Page 544 and 545:
Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547:
ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
Page 550 and 551:
( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
Page 552:
Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
Page 555 and 556:
tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
Page 557 and 558:
550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 559 and 560:
Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
Page 561 and 562:
Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
Page 564 and 565:
SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
Page 566 and 567:
tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
Page 568 and 569:
Trilevel sync comprises a negative
Page 570 and 571:
Vertical interval video lines do no
Page 572 and 573:
RGB primary components Picture info
Page 574:
mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
Page 578 and 579:
ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
Page 580 and 581:
PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
Page 582 and 583:
Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
Page 584 and 585:
SECAM had an advantage during the 1
Page 586 and 587:
Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
Page 588 and 589:
Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
Page 590 and 591:
CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
Page 592:
VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
Page 595 and 596:
NHK Science and Technical Research
Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
Page 606 and 607:
When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
Page 608 and 609:
ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
Page 617 and 618:
50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
Page 619 and 620:
601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
Page 623 and 624:
BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
Page 625 and 626:
CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
Page 627 and 628:
information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
Page 633 and 634:
Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
Page 635 and 636:
2. In traditional video usage, the
Page 637 and 638:
G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
Page 639 and 640:
4. User-accessible means to adjust
Page 641 and 642:
K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644:
Luma A video signal representative
Page 645 and 646:
2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648:
Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650:
numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652:
Rendering intent Encoding and subse
Page 653 and 654:
which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656:
Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660:
Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
Page 661 and 662:
177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664:
ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
Page 667 and 668:
chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670:
color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672:
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
Page 675 and 676:
factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
Page 677 and 678:
framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680:
hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
Page 687 and 688:
Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690:
pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692:
RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696:
SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698:
uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700:
widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701:
This book is set in the Syntax type
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