DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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We could use the term weighting, but sinc itself is a weighting function, so we choose a different word: windowing. For details about windowing, see Lyons or Rorabaugh, cited on page 170, or Wolberg, George, Digital Image Warping (Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE, 1990). Another approach to digital filter design starts with the ILFP. Its infinite extent can be addressed by simply truncating the weights – that is, forcing the weights to zero – outside a certain interval, say outside the region 0±4 sample periods. This will have an unfortunate effect on the frequency response, however: The frequency response will exhibit overshoot and undershoot near the transition band. Poor spectral behavior of a truncated sinc can be mitigated by applying a weighting function that peaks at unity at the center of the filter and diminishes gently to zero at the extremities of the interval. This is referred to as applying a windowing function. Design of a filter using the windowing method begins with scaling of sinc along the time axis to choose the corner frequency and choosing a suitable number of taps. Each tap weight is then computed as a sinc value multiplied by the corresponding window value. A sinc can be truncated through multiplication by a rectangular window. Perhaps the simplest nontrivial window has a triangular shape; this is also called the Bartlett window. The von Hann window (often wrongly called “Hanning”) has a windowing function that is single cycle of a raised cosine. Window functions such as von Hann are fixed by the corner frequency and the number of filter taps; no control can be exercised over the width of the transition band. The Kaiser window has a single parameter that controls that width. For a given filter order, if the transition band is made narrower, then stopband attenuation is reduced. The Kaiser window parameter allows the designer to determine this tradeoff. A windowed sinc filter has much better performance than a truncated sinc, and windowed design is so simple that there is no excuse to use sinc without windowing. In most engineering applications, however, filter performance is best characterized in the frequency domain, and the frequency-domain performance of windowed sinc filters is suboptimal: The performance of an n-tap windowed sinc filter can be bettered by an n-tap filter whose design has been suitably optimized. CHAPTER 16 FILTERING AND SAMPLING 165
Insertion gain, dB Insertion gain, dB +0.050 +0.025 0 -0.025 -0.050 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Frequency, MHz 5.75 Frequency, fraction of fS 0.25 Frequency, ω, rad·s-1 0.5π Figure 16.25 Half-band filter. This graph shows the frequency response of a practical filter whose corner is at one-quarter its sampling frequency of 27 MHz. The graph is linear in the abscissa (frequency) and logarithmic in the ordinate (response). The top portion shows that the passband has an overall gain of unity and a uniformity (ripple) of about ±0.02 dB: In the passband, its gain varies between about 0.997 and 1.003. The bottom portion shows that the stopband is rejected with an attenuation of about -60 dB: The filter has a gain of about 0.001 at these frequencies. This data, for the GF9102A halfband filter, was kindly provided by Gennum Corporation. 166 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES 13.5 0.5 π
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
Page 121 and 122: ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
Page 123 and 124: System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
Page 125 and 126: data stored in scan-line order, hor
Page 127 and 128: Compression ratio Quality/applicati
Page 129 and 130: Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
Page 131 and 132: Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
Page 133 and 134: Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
Page 135 and 136: Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
Page 137 and 138: SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
Page 139 and 140: Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
Page 141 and 142: IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
Page 143 and 144: For details concerning SCH, see pag
Page 145 and 146: Some video switchers incorporate di
Page 148 and 149: My explanation describes the origin
Page 150 and 151: Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
Page 152 and 153: 1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
Page 154 and 155: 0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
Page 156 and 157: -5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
Page 158 and 159: Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
Page 160 and 161: Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
Page 162 and 163: Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
Page 164 and 165: Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
Page 166 and 167: 125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
Page 168 and 169: Compensation of undesired phase res
Page 170 and 171: ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
Page 174 and 175: Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
Page 176 and 177: 1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
Page 178 and 179: Resampling, interpolation, and deci
Page 180 and 181: Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
Page 182 and 183: Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
Page 184 and 185: Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
Page 186 and 187: Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
Page 188 and 189: You can consider the entire stopban
Page 190 and 191: 1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
Page 192: Taken literally, decimation involve
Page 195 and 196: 0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
Page 199 and 200: Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
Page 201 and 202: Oversampling to double the number o
Page 203 and 204: 10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
Page 205 and 206: Viewing environment Max. luminance,
Page 207 and 208: ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
Page 209 and 210: Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
Page 211 and 212: See Introduction to radiometry and
Page 213 and 214: SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
Page 215 and 216: Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
Page 218 and 219: Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
Page 220 and 221: Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
Page 493 and 494:
Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
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Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
Page 501 and 502:
Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
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f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509:
Concerning closed captions, see ANS
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CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
Page 512 and 513:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 514 and 515:
8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
Page 518 and 519:
480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
Page 520 and 521:
Concerning the association of U wit
Page 522 and 523:
IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
Page 524 and 525:
8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
Page 526 and 527:
Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
Page 528 and 529:
For details concerning VITC in 576i
Page 530 and 531:
CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
Page 532 and 533:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 534 and 535:
Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
Page 536 and 537:
1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
Page 538 and 539:
See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
Page 540 and 541:
8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
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ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
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Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547:
ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
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( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
Page 552:
Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
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550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 559 and 560:
Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
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SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
Page 566 and 567:
tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
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Trilevel sync comprises a negative
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Vertical interval video lines do no
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RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
Page 578 and 579:
ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
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Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
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SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
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Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
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VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
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NHK Science and Technical Research
Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
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Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
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When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
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ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
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50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
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601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
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B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
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BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
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CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
Page 627 and 628:
information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
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Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
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2. In traditional video usage, the
Page 637 and 638:
G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
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4. User-accessible means to adjust
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K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644:
Luma A video signal representative
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2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648:
Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650:
numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652:
Rendering intent Encoding and subse
Page 653 and 654:
which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656:
Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660:
Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
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177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664:
ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
Page 667 and 668:
chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670:
color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672:
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
Page 675 and 676:
factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
Page 677 and 678:
framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680:
hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
Page 687 and 688:
Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690:
pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692:
RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696:
SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698:
uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700:
widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
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This book is set in the Syntax type
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