DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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McLellan, J.H. 167 MCU (minimum coded unit), in JPEG 448 ME (motion estimator) 489–490 meandering burst, in PAL 530 mean-squared error (MSE) 457 median filtering 330–331 Meier, Hans Eduard 694 MESECAM 576–577, 584 metadata 126 metamerism 214 metercandle 604 midframe (in 2-3 pulldown) 429 mid-tread quantization 24 (sketch) minimum coded unit (MCU), in JPEG 448 minimum perceptible color difference (MPCD) 223 mistracking 488 Mitchell, Joan L. 496 Mitra, Sanjit K. 170 mix 333 mixture, additive 234–235 MJPEG (motion JPEG) 460 ML (main level), in MPEG-2 474 modulated ramp (waveform) 540 modulated stair (waveform) 541 modulation 8-VSB 589 64-QAM 590 256-QAM 590 chroma 94 in NTSC 298, 338, 365, 369 (sketch) in PAL 341 in SECAM 576 COFDM 591 depth of 190 noise 20 QPSK 590 quadrature in ATSC DTV 590 chroma 105 in NTSC 338, 363 in PAL 341 transfer function (MTF) 190 Moiré pattern 46 (sketch) monitor controls 346 white reference 254 see also CRT monochrome 34, 284 see also grayscale moon, angular subtense 8 motion artifact 436 beat frequency 435 in interlaced scanning 61 field tearing 438 detection in DV 464 estimator/estimation (ME) 489–490 JPEG (M-JPEG) 460 portrayal 52, 61–62 vector (MV) 483 Motta, Ricardo J. 267, 273 mouse’s teeth 61 movie mode, in consumer DV 100 see also cinema moving average (MA) 152, 160 MP (main profile), in MPEG-2 474 MP@HL (main profile at high level) 475 MP@LL (main profile at low level) 475 MP@ML (main profile at main level) 475 MPCD (minimum perceptible color difference) 223 MPEG IMX VTR 423 MPEG-1 125 MPEG-2 473–496 4:2:0 chroma subsampling 93 interlacing 98 macroblock 480 misalignment 326 MPEG-2-over-1394 134 MPEG-3 (abandoned) 126 MPR (McLellan, Parks, Rabiner) 167 Mpx (megapixels) 7 Mquant 458 MSE (mean-squared error) 457 MTF (modulation transfer function) 190 and “enhancement” 330 MTS (multichannel television sound) 573 multiburst test signal, FCC (waveform) 545 multipath distortion 590–591 multiplexed analog components (MAC) 577 multiplier-accumulator (MAC) 156 multipulse test signal 545 multispectral imaging 6 multiview profile (MVP), in MPEG-2 474 Munsell value 208 Murray, James D. 32 MUSE 588 MV (motion vector) 483 MVP (multiview profile), in MPEG-2 474 677
N N/PAL 96, 575–576 N10 see also PAL see EBU Tech. N10 narrowband 154 filter, optical 215 I component, in NTSC 368 Q component, in NTSC 365 NCO (number-controlled oscillator) 344 NDF (nondropframe) 382 nearest-neighbor negative 177, 192 camera film 85 excursion of B’-Y’ and R’-Y’ in HDTV 314 in SDTV 303 lobe (in CMF) 242, 246 (graph) R’G’B’ values 537 RGB values 253, 255, 265 SPD 240, 242 sync voltage, in analog sync weights 327, 406 in filtering 155, 159, 192 in linear (color) matrix 251 in PSF 194 in sinc 149, 192 in upsampling 194 Y’CBCR values 306 Neill, Paul 615 Netravali, Arun N. 496 Newton, Isaac 212 NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai) 111, 379, 588 NICAM-728 575 NIFRGB 267 night vision 195 Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) 111, 379, 588 Nishizawa, T. 111 nit 206, 604, 607 noise 19–20 due to color matrixing 252 dbx-TV noise reduction 574 modulation 20 quantization see error, quantization nonconstant luminance 286 noninterlaced scanning scanning nonlinear see progressive and “enhancement” 330 and linear coding 12 in JPEG nonlinearity 450, 459 amplitude 540 indicated by prime symbol 288 678 nonmathematical PAL 356 nonphysical, nonrealizable primaries, SPDs 241 nonpremultiplied foreground 334 nonrecursive filter see FIR filter normal function 150 notation 1280×720, 1920×1080, etc. 59 4:1:1, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, etc. 91 4:2:2 interface 127 480i29.97, 576i25, etc. 59 4f SC 108 CCIR 95 chroma subsampling 91 color matching functions, e.g., x _ (λ), X(λ) 216 colorbars 539 fields (in interlaced scanning) 56, 402– 403 hexadecimal (subscript h) 389 luminance and luma 88, 288, 595–600 prime (’), for nonlinearity 12, 88, 288 scanning 59 in ITU-R 572 Y’C B C R , Y’P B P R 289, 299, 305 Rec. 1361 318 Y’UV, Y’IQ 311, 335, 366, 595–600 notch filter 153–154, 349, 359 (sketch) and cross-color 354 NTSC 62–63, 95–96, 103–109 1-D frequency spectrum 361–363 2-D frequency spectrum 359 (sketch) 4f SC 516 burst 512 chroma demodulation 340 modulation 335, 338–347 colorframe 352, 512 composite 94 analog 480i interface 517 decoder 341 (block diagram) encoder 340 (block diagram) frequency interleaving 349, 352–364 spectrum 362 (sketch) hybrid-NTSC 580 incorrectly used to refer to 480i (525/59.94) scanning 104 NTSC-4.43 580 NTSC 50 580 NTSC-J 515 NTSC-legal 338 NTSC-related levels 408
Page 3 and 4:
Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
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Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
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Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
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Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
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f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
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Concerning closed captions, see ANS
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CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
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480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
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Concerning the association of U wit
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IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
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8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
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Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
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For details concerning VITC in 576i
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CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
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1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
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See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
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8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
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ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
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Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547:
ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
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Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
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( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
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Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
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550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 559 and 560:
Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
Page 561 and 562:
Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
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SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
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Trilevel sync comprises a negative
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Vertical interval video lines do no
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RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
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ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
Page 582 and 583:
Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
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SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
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Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
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VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
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NHK Science and Technical Research
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I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
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YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
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When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
Page 608 and 609:
ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
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Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
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50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
Page 619 and 620:
601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
Page 623 and 624:
BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
Page 625 and 626:
CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
Page 627 and 628:
information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
Page 633 and 634: Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
Page 635 and 636: 2. In traditional video usage, the
Page 637 and 638: G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
Page 639 and 640: 4. User-accessible means to adjust
Page 641 and 642: K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644: Luma A video signal representative
Page 645 and 646: 2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648: Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650: numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652: Rendering intent Encoding and subse
Page 653 and 654: which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656: Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658: transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660: Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
Page 661 and 662: 177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664: ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666: inary group flags (in timecode) 386
Page 667 and 668: chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670: color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672: CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674: Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
Page 675 and 676: factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
Page 677 and 678: framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680: hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682: ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683: longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 687 and 688: Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690: pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692: RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694: (sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696: SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698: uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700: widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701: This book is set in the Syntax type
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