DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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EIAJ 573 electro-optical transfer function (EOTF) 257 elementary stream (ES) 495 Elvis 45 emittance, radiant (deprecated) 602 EN 50049-1 583 EN 50083-9 133 encoder 63 conventional luma/color difference 286 (block diagram) NTSC 340 (block diagram) PAL 342 (block diagram) encoding gamma (γ E ) 259 end of active video (EAV) 129 (sketch), 390 end of block (EOB) in DV 465, 467, 469 in JPEG 455 in MPEG-2 495 energy (Q) 602 enhancement 330 EOB (end of block) in DV 465, 467, 469 in JPEG 455 in MPEG-2 495 EOTF (electro-optical transfer function) 257 EP (extended play) 413 equal-energy illuminant 224 equalization in cable 137, 161, 396 in filter 161 pulse 98, 399–403 in 480i 502 in 576i 522 erf(x), error function 150 error black level 27, 272, 327 checking and correction (ECC) 420 chroma gain 538 phase 336, 538 concealment in DVTRs 420 status (STA), in DV 467 constant luminance 80 correction, in DVTRs 420 cross-color, cross-luma 104 differential gain (DG) 540 phase (DP) 541 forward error-correction (FEC) 420 function, erf(x) 150 hue 336, 538 error (cont’d) phase chroma 336 differential (DP) 541 in IIR filter 161 position, in interpolation 183 prediction, in MPEG 120, 480–490 quantization 20 reconstruction, in JPEG 456 roundoff in 8-bit interface 24, 269 in computing RGB 308 in DCT/IDCT 451–453, 457 saturation 538 SCH 511 timebase 108, 417 and color-under 584 and consumer VCRs 585 and SECAM 577 timecode 383 ES (elementary stream) 495 ETSI ETS 300163 575 ETS 300732 575 Europe 344, 571, 578 even/odd (fields) 56, 403 exchange of axes, UV into IQ 366 excursion 22 of B’-Y’ and R’-Y’ in HDTV 314 in SDTV 303 of chroma and luma in Y’C B C R 306, 310, 316 in Y’P B P R 304, 315 in color difference encoding matrix 308 peak 305, 326 of chroma, in NTSC 514 picture 327 Exif 291 exitance luminous (M v) 604 radiant (M) 602 exponential function, distinguished from power function 259 extended play (EP) 413 extrapolation 178 eye 3, 196 tracking 62 see also vision F f code, in MPEG 490 F flag bit (in TRS) 390 667
factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell 67 luminance 606 Fairchild, Mark D. 85 Farmer, James 109, 590 Farrell, Joyce E. 52 fast forward see shuttle fax 33 and compression 118 and square sampling 7 FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 374, 502, 588 FDCT (forward DCT) 451 FEC (forward error-correction) 589 Feiner, Steven 597 FFT (fast Fourier transform) 189 FG (foreground) 334 FG (frequency generator) 414 FiberChannel 133 field bottom 98, 477 colorfield in NTSC 352, 512 in PAL 356 DCT coding, in MPEG-2 486 dominance 403, 430 even/odd 56, 403 F flag bit (in TRS) 390 field-structured picture, in MPEG-2 477 in MPEG-2 98 mode, in DV 464 parity (odd/even, first/second, top/bottom) 403 rate 371–405 sync datum (0 V ) 58 (sketch) tearing artifact 61, 438 top/bottom 98, 477 field/frame sync in 480i 402 (sketch), 502 in 576i 403 (sketch), 521 FIFO (first-in, first-out) 137, 417, 585 fill video 334 film anamorphic lens 4 aspect ratio 4 compensation of dark surround 85 flat (1.85:1 aspect ratio) 4 “scope” (2.39 aspect ratio) 4 spherical (1.85:1 aspect ratio) 4 transfer function (“gamma”) 85 see also cinema 668 filter [1, 0, 1] filter 153 [1, 0, -1] filter 153 [1, 1] filter 153 [1, -1] filter 153 2-D (spatial) 191 3-D comb 360 analog 148, 150, 175 bandreject (BRF) 153 bandstop 154 bandwidth 66, 162 boxcar 144–148 and D-to-A conversion 169 image reconstruction using 44– 45 (figure) brick wall 148 chroma subsampling 93 coefficient quantization 158 color difference lowpass 292 comb see comb filter corner frequency 162 cutoff frequency 162 digital design 163 see also FIR filter; filter, IIR equalization 161 finite impulse response see FIR filter flicker see filter, twitter frame comb 360 Gaussian 150, 155, 158, 163 in image reconstruction 45 (figure) risetime of 163 sharpened 192–194 halfband 176 highpass (HPF) 153 IIR (infinite impulse response) 160 impulse response 157 infinite impulse response (IIR) 160 lowpass (LPF) characterization 162 template 162 (sketch) median 330–331 moving average (MA) 152, 160 narrowband 154 Q, in NTSC 365 nonrecursive see FIR filter notch 153–154, 349, 354, 359 (sketch) optical 192, 215 physical realizability of 158 polyphase 182 Rec. 601 template 164 recursive see IIR filter ringing 55, 305, 542
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
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Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
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Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
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Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
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f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509:
Concerning closed captions, see ANS
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CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
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480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
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Concerning the association of U wit
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IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
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8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
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Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
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For details concerning VITC in 576i
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CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
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1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
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See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
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8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
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ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
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Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
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ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
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Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
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( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
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Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
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550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
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Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
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SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
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Trilevel sync comprises a negative
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Vertical interval video lines do no
Page 572 and 573:
RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
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ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
Page 582 and 583:
Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
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SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
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Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
Page 592:
VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
Page 595 and 596:
NHK Science and Technical Research
Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
Page 606 and 607:
When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
Page 608 and 609:
ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
Page 617 and 618:
50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
Page 619 and 620:
601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
Page 623 and 624: BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
Page 625 and 626: CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
Page 627 and 628: information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630: Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632: D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
Page 633 and 634: Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
Page 635 and 636: 2. In traditional video usage, the
Page 637 and 638: G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
Page 639 and 640: 4. User-accessible means to adjust
Page 641 and 642: K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644: Luma A video signal representative
Page 645 and 646: 2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648: Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650: numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652: Rendering intent Encoding and subse
Page 653 and 654: which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656: Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658: transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660: Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
Page 661 and 662: 177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664: ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666: inary group flags (in timecode) 386
Page 667 and 668: chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670: color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672: CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673: Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
Page 677 and 678: framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680: hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682: ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684: longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686: N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
Page 687 and 688: Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690: pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692: RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694: (sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696: SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698: uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700: widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701: This book is set in the Syntax type
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