DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of the same color produce identical effects in an additive mixture regardless of their spectral composition. Thornton, William A., “Spectral Sensitivities of the Normal Human Visual System, Color- Matching Functions and Their Principles, and How and Why the Two Sets Should Coincide,” in Color Research and Application 24 (2): 139–156 (April 1999). The x and y symbols are pronounced little-x and little-y. Human color vision follows a principle of superposition known as Grassmann’s Third Law: The tristimulus values computed from the sum of a set of SPDs is identical to the sum of the tristimulus values of each SPD. Due to this linearity of additive color mixture, any set of three components that is a nontrivial linear combination of X, Y, and Z – such as R, G, and B – is also a set of tristimulus values. (In Transformations between RGB and CIE XYZ, on page 251, I will introduce related CMFs that produce R, G, and B tristimulus values.) This chapter accepts the CIE Standard Observer rather uncritically. Although the CIE Standard Observer is very useful and widely used, some researchers believe that it exhibits some problems and ought to be improved. For one well-informed and provocative view, see Thornton. CIE [x, y] chromaticity It is convenient, for both conceptual understanding and for computation, to have a representation of “pure” color in the absence of lightness. The CIE standardized a procedure for normalizing XYZ tristimulus values to obtain two chromaticity values x and y. Chromaticity values are computed by this projective transformation: X x = ; X + Y + Z Y y = X + Y + Z A third chromaticity coordinate, z, is defined, but is redundant since x + y + z = 1. The x and y chromaticity coordinates are abstract values that have no direct physical interpretation. A color can be specified by its chromaticity and luminance, in the form of an xyY triple. To recover X and Z tristimulus values from [x, y] chromaticities and luminance, use the inverse of Equation 21.1: x 1− x − y X = Y; Z = Y y y A color plots as a point in an [x, y] chromaticity diagram, plotted in Figure 21.6 overleaf. Eq 21.1 Eq 21.2 CHAPTER 21 THE CIE SYSTEM OF COLORIMETRY 219
y 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 500 480 520 460 440 400 540 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 x 220 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES 580 600 620 640 Figure 21.6 CIE 1931 2° [x, y] chromaticity diagram. The spectral locus is a shark-fin-shaped path swept by a monochromatic source as it is tuned from 400 nm to 700 nm. The set of all colors is closed by the line of purples, which traces SPDs that combine longwave and shortwave power but have no mediumwave power. All colors lie within the shark-fin-shaped region: Points outside this region are not colors. This diagram is not a slice through [X, Y, Z] space! Instead, points in [X, Y, Z] project onto the plane of the diagram in a manner comparable to the perspective projection. White has [X, Y, Z] values near [1, 1, 1]; it projects to a point near the center of the diagram, in the region of [ 1 ⁄3, 1 ⁄3]. Attempting to project black, at [0, 0, 0], would require dividing by zero: Black has no place in this diagram. 560 700
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
Page 176 and 177: 1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
Page 178 and 179: Resampling, interpolation, and deci
Page 180 and 181: Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
Page 182 and 183: Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
Page 184 and 185: Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
Page 186 and 187: Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
Page 188 and 189: You can consider the entire stopban
Page 190 and 191: 1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
Page 192: Taken literally, decimation involve
Page 195 and 196: 0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
Page 197 and 198: Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
Page 199 and 200: Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
Page 201 and 202: Oversampling to double the number o
Page 203 and 204: 10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
Page 205 and 206: Viewing environment Max. luminance,
Page 207 and 208: ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
Page 209 and 210: Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
Page 211 and 212: See Introduction to radiometry and
Page 213 and 214: SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
Page 215 and 216: Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
Page 218 and 219: Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
Page 220 and 221: Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
Page 222 and 223: B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
Page 224 and 225: The term sharpening is used in the
Page 228 and 229: 1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
Page 230 and 231: Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
Page 232 and 233: Tungsten illumination can’t have
Page 234 and 235: ∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
Page 236 and 237: McCamy argues that under normal con
Page 238: Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
Page 241 and 242: If you are unfamiliar with the term
Page 243 and 244: CIE standards established in 1964 w
Page 245 and 246: Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
Page 247 and 248: IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
Page 249 and 250: Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
Page 251 and 252: CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
Page 253 and 254: CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
Page 255 and 256: Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
Page 257 and 258: For the D 65 reference now standard
Page 259 and 260: Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
Page 261 and 262: SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
Page 263 and 264: Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
Page 265 and 266: Opto-electronic transfer function (
Page 267 and 268: Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
Page 269 and 270: The importance of rendering intent,
Page 271 and 272: See Headroom and footroom, on page
Page 273 and 274: Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
Page 275 and 276: Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Even if playback errors are so seve
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Notation Method Tape width (track p
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D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
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D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
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Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
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Film is transferred to 576i25 video
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FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
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Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
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Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
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For a modest improvement over 2-tap
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Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
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Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
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Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
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Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
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f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509:
Concerning closed captions, see ANS
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CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
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480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
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Concerning the association of U wit
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IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
Page 524 and 525:
8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
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Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
Page 528 and 529:
For details concerning VITC in 576i
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CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
Page 532 and 533:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 534 and 535:
Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
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1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
Page 538 and 539:
See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
Page 540 and 541:
8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
Page 542 and 543:
ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
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Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547:
ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
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( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
Page 552:
Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
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550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
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Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
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SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
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Trilevel sync comprises a negative
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Vertical interval video lines do no
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RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
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ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
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Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
Page 584 and 585:
SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
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Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
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VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
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NHK Science and Technical Research
Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
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When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
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ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
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50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
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601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
Page 623 and 624:
BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
Page 625 and 626:
CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
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information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
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Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
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2. In traditional video usage, the
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G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
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4. User-accessible means to adjust
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K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644:
Luma A video signal representative
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2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648:
Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650:
numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652:
Rendering intent Encoding and subse
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which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656:
Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660:
Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
Page 661 and 662:
177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664:
ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
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chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670:
color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672:
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
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factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
Page 677 and 678:
framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680:
hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
Page 687 and 688:
Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690:
pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692:
RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696:
SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698:
uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700:
widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701:
This book is set in the Syntax type
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