DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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Word Value MSB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LSB 0 0 3FF h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ID PAR PAR X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1 X 0 FR 1 FR 0 F Table 33.4 TRS-ID in 4f SC comprises five words. Line number is coded in word 4, in 5 bits X 4 through X 0; these bits count from 1 to 31 in each field, then saturate at 31. Bits FR 1 and FR 1 identify colorframes; bit F is asserted for the second field. Ideally, these are lines 313 and 625; see page 533. TRS-ID in 4f SC composite video I introduced the Composite digital SDTV (4f SC ) interface, on page 129. In composite 4f SC , active video is digitized and transmitted across the interface with one word for each sample clock. Sync edges and the back porch (including burst) are included among the samples. In composite 4f SC NTSC, sampling is at [I, Q] phase, as I will detail in Chapter 42, on page 511. No sample precisely coincides with 0 H in the analog domain. In composite 4f SC PAL, sampling is at [U+V, U-V] phase, as I will detail in Chapter 44, on page 529. Owing to 4f SC PAL not being line-locked, the position of 0 H changes line-by-line. The relationship between sync and subcarrier in PAL causes a further complexity: Each line has 1135 samples, except for two lines per frame which contain 1137 samples each. In 4f SC , the synchronization sequence is called TRS-ID; it is located in the analog synctip interval, commencing several samples after 0 H. TRS-ID structure is shown in Table 33.4 above. The SAV and EAV codes of Rec. 601 are not used. The first four words, denoted TRS, contain the fixed sequence {3FF h, 0, 0, 0}. The final word, denoted ID, conveys line number and field/frame data. Line number is coded in 5 bits, X 4 through X 0; the count runs from 1 to 31, then saturates at 31. CHAPTER 33 DIGITAL SYNC, TRS, ANCILLARY DATA, AND INTERFACE 393
See NTSC two-frame sequence, on page 512, and PAL four-frame sequence, on page 529. Bits FR 1 , FR 0 , and F encode field and frame information. The F bit functions identically to the F bit of the 4:2:2 interface: It is negated (zero) during the first field, and asserted during the second field. In NTSC, FR 1 is fixed at 0; FR 0 is zero during colorframe A, and asserted during colorframe B. In PAL, FR 1 and FR 0 are encoded 00, 01, 10, and 11 to indicate PAL colorframes I, II, III, and IV, respectively. If the set {X 4, X 3, X 2, X 1, X 0, FR 1, FR 0, F} contains an odd number of 1-bits, PAR is asserted; otherwise, it is negated. PAR is the complement of PAR. Digital to analog timing relationships The relationship between the digital and analog domains is established by the position of 0H with respect to some TRS element. Table 33.5 below summarizes several standards for digital representation of component 4:2:2 video; the rightmost column gives the number of luma sample intervals between the first word of EAV and the 0H sample (if it were digitized). System AR Scanning SMPTE Standard STL SAL EAV to 0H 483i29.97 525/59.94/2:1 SMPTE 125M, Rec. 601 858 720 12 576i25 625/50/2:1 EBU 3246, Rec. 601 864 720 16 483i29.97 16:9 525/59.94/2:1 SMPTE 267M, Rec. 601-5 1144 960 16 483p59.94 16:9 525/59.94/1:1 SMPTE 293M 1144 960 16 576i25 16:9 625/50/2:1 EBU 3246, Rec. 601-5 1152 960 21 720p60 16:9 750/60/1:1 SMPTE 296M 1650 1280 110 1035i30 ‡ 16:9 1125/60/2:1 SMPTE 260M 2200 1920 88 1080i30 16:9 1125/60/2:1 SMPTE 274M 2200 1920 88 1080p30 16:9 1125/30/1:1 SMPTE 274M 2200 1920 88 1080p25 16:9 1125/25/1:1 SMPTE 274M 2640 1920 192 1080p24 16:9 1125/24/1:1 SMPTE 274M 2750 1920 192 Table 33.5 Digital to analog timing relationships for several scanning standards are summarized. The 1035i30 systems (flagged with a double-dagger symbol, ‡) are not recommended for new designs; I suggest that you use 1080i30. The rightmost column relates TRS to 0 H; it gives the count of luma sample intervals from EAV word 0 (3FF h ) to the 0 H sample (if it were digitized). 394 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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Page 352 and 353: COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
Page 354: COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
Page 357 and 358: Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
Page 359 and 360: 1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
Page 361 and 362: Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
Page 363 and 364: 1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
Page 365 and 366: COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
Page 367 and 368: t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
Page 369 and 370: CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
Page 371 and 372: CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
Page 373 and 374: Because an analog demodulator canno
Page 375 and 376: Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
Page 377 and 378: A decoder cannot determine whether
Page 379 and 380: 525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
Page 381 and 382: 60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
Page 383 and 384: Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
Page 385 and 386: 60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
Page 387 and 388: 3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
Page 389 and 390: See Frame, field, line, and sample
Page 391 and 392: SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
Page 393 and 394: The IRE unit is introduced on page
Page 395 and 396: SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
Page 397 and 398: The V and H bits are asserted durin
Page 399: * 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
Page 403 and 404: SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
Page 405 and 406: SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
Page 407 and 408: A Naive combined sync establishes h
Page 409 and 410: 1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
Page 411 and 412: Most lines have a single normalwidt
Page 413 and 414: 1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
Page 415 and 416: Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
Page 418 and 419: Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
Page 420 and 421: In consumer VCR search mode playbac
Page 422 and 423: Heads for other longitudinal tracks
Page 424 and 425: The term sync in sync block is unre
Page 426 and 427: Notation Component analog VTRs are
Page 428 and 429: Even if playback errors are so seve
Page 430 and 431: Notation Method Tape width (track p
Page 432 and 433: D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
Page 434 and 435: D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
Page 436 and 437: Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
Page 438 and 439: Film is transferred to 576i25 video
Page 440 and 441: FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
Page 442 and 443: Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
Page 444 and 445: Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
Page 446 and 447: For a modest improvement over 2-tap
Page 448 and 449: Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
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IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
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ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
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Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
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Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
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In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
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Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
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Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Concerning DVC recording, see page
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356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
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CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
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For a more elaborate description, a
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DV HD HD stands for high definition
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IEC 61904, Video recording - Helica
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MPEG-2 specifies several algorithmi
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422P@ML allows 608 lines at 25 Hz f
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Figure 40.1 MPEG-2 frame picture co
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If horizontal size or vertical size
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A prediction region in an anchor fr
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Each nonintra macroblock in an inte
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Figure 40.4 Frame DCT type involves
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Distributed refresh does not guaran
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Whether an encoder actually searche
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Figure 40.9 Buffer occupancy in MPE
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Group of pictures (GOP header) the
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Gibson, Jerry D., Toby Berger, Tom
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f FR f H 30 = ≈ 29. 97 Hz 1. 001
Page 508 and 509:
Concerning closed captions, see ANS
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CHAPTER 41 480 i COMPONENT VIDEO 50
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SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
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8-bit code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H EIA/
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480i NTSC composite video 42 Althou
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Concerning the association of U wit
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IEC 60933-5 (1992-11) Interconnecti
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8-bit code 200 176.25 70.5 60 4 757
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Derived line rate is 15.625 kHz. It
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For details concerning VITC in 576i
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CHAPTER 43 576 i COMPONENT VIDEO 52
Page 532 and 533:
SMPTE RP 187, Center, Aspect Ratio
Page 534 and 535:
Code 235 125 1 / 2 16 Figure 43.2 5
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1135 4 1 + = 625 709379 2500 = 283.
Page 538 and 539:
See NTSC Y’IQ system, on page 365
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8-bit code 211 137.5 64 EBU Tech. 3
Page 542 and 543:
ANSI/EIA-189-A, Encoded Color Bar S
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Figure 45.3 NTSC- Encoded 100/0/75/
Page 546 and 547:
ITU-R Rec. BT.471, Nomenclature and
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 45.7 Modulated 5-step stair
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( ) PULSE T The risetime, from 10%
Page 552:
Figure 45.12 FCC composite test sig
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tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse T
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550 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
Page 559 and 560:
Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
Page 561 and 562:
Passband insertion gain, dB Stopban
Page 564 and 565:
SMPTE 274M, 1920 × 1080 Scanning a
Page 566 and 567:
tri Trilevel pulse BR Broad pulse L
Page 568 and 569:
Trilevel sync comprises a negative
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Vertical interval video lines do no
Page 572 and 573:
RGB primary components Picture info
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -44 +44 0H
Page 578 and 579:
ITU-R Rec. BT.470, Conventional tel
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PAL-D is ambiguous, referring eithe
Page 582 and 583:
Bower, A.J., NICAM 728 - Digital Tw
Page 584 and 585:
SECAM had an advantage during the 1
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Consumer analog NTSC and PAL 49 Con
Page 588 and 589:
Macrovision is a proprietary, paten
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CENELEC EN 50049-1:1989 IEC 60933-1
Page 592:
VHS trick mode playback A VHS VCR h
Page 595 and 596:
NHK Science and Technical Research
Page 597 and 598:
I and Q refer to in-phase and quadr
Page 599 and 600:
Weiss, S. Merrill, Issues in Advanc
Page 602 and 603:
YUV and luminance considered harmfu
Page 604 and 605:
Pritchard, D.H., “U.S. Color Tele
Page 606 and 607:
When I say NTSC and PAL, I refer to
Page 608 and 609:
ANSI/IESNA RP-16, Nomenclature and
Page 610 and 611:
Palmer, James M., “Getting Intens
Page 612 and 613:
Differentiate w.r.t. AREA power, P
Page 614:
Ashdown, Ian, Radiosity: A Programm
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50 Hz. Each film frame is scanned t
Page 619 and 620:
601 See Rec. 601, on page 643. 625/
Page 621 and 622:
B-picture In MPEG, a bidirectionall
Page 623 and 624:
BT.601, BT.709 See Rec. 601 and Rec
Page 625 and 626:
CIE luminance, CIE Y See Luminance.
Page 627 and 628:
information rate of the color diffe
Page 629 and 630:
Contrast 1. Contrast ratio; see bel
Page 631 and 632:
D-10 A SMPTE-standard component SDT
Page 633 and 634:
Drive (n.) A periodic pulse signal
Page 635 and 636:
2. In traditional video usage, the
Page 637 and 638:
G/PAL See PAL-B/G/H, on page 640. (
Page 639 and 640:
4. User-accessible means to adjust
Page 641 and 642:
K-factor, K-rating A numerical char
Page 643 and 644:
Luma A video signal representative
Page 645 and 646:
2. In a camera or scanner, the cond
Page 647 and 648:
Offset sampling Obsolete scanning t
Page 649 and 650:
numerical parameter having a value
Page 651 and 652:
Rendering intent Encoding and subse
Page 653 and 654:
which is a function of the distribu
Page 655 and 656:
Standards conversion Conversion, in
Page 657 and 658:
transmission; or to color differenc
Page 659 and 660:
Y’/C629, Y’/C688 Y’C 1 C 2 Y
Page 661 and 662:
177 Mb/s 129-130 18 MHz sampling ra
Page 663 and 664:
ambient illumination (cont’d) in
Page 665 and 666:
inary group flags (in timecode) 386
Page 667 and 668:
chroma (cont’d) modulation 94, 10
Page 669 and 670:
color (cont’d) difference coding
Page 671 and 672:
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) in HD
Page 673 and 674:
Dolby 589 dominance, field 430 dot
Page 675 and 676:
factor interlace 68, 70 K 542 Kell
Page 677 and 678:
framebuffer 7 framestore 7 France 9
Page 679 and 680:
hue (cont’d) hue decoder control
Page 681 and 682:
ITU-T fax 7, 118 former CCITT 118 H
Page 683 and 684:
longitudinal timecode 382, 384 Look
Page 685 and 686:
N N/PAL 96, 575-576 N10 see also PA
Page 687 and 688:
Panasonic 509-510 Paraguay 576 pari
Page 689 and 690:
pulse (cont’d) colorframe 404 equ
Page 691 and 692:
RMS (root mean square) 19, 146 Robe
Page 693 and 694:
(sin x)/x 147, 149 (graph) also kno
Page 695 and 696:
SVM (scan-velocity modulation) 330,
Page 697 and 698:
uniformity, perceptual 21 in DCT/JP
Page 699 and 700:
widescreen 4 HDTV 112 SDTV 99 480i
Page 701:
This book is set in the Syntax type
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