DigitalVideoAndHDTVAlgorithmsAndInterfaces.pdf

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IEC 61904, Video recording – Helical-scan digital component video cassette recording format using 12,65 mm magnetic tape and incorporating data compression (Format digital-L). Malvar, H.S., Signal Processing with Lapped Transforms (Norwood, Mass.: Artech House, 1992). The downsampling inherent in D-11 compression of 1080i or 1080p means that luma sample aspect ratio is effectively 4 ⁄3 (and chroma subsampling is equivalent to 4:1:1) relative to the original 1920×1080 image array. Sony Digital Betacam compression Sony’s Digital Betacam system records 480i29.97 or 576i25 video with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling, compressed to about 89.5 Mb/s using an M-JPEG-style technique similar, but not identical, to that of DV. Details are in IEC 61904. Sony Betacam SX compression Sony’s Betacam SX system records 480i29.97 or 576i25 video with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling, compressed to about 18.7 Mb/s using MPEG-2 MP@ML with I-frame/B-frame GOP structure. No Betacam SX equipment provides a compressed interface, so the format is effectively proprietary. D-5 HD compression Panasonic’s D-5 HD system, denoted HD-D5 by SMPTE, records 720p or 1080i video at either 59.94 Hz or 60.00 Hz, with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling. D-5 HD does not use DV directly, but uses M-JPEG-style coding quite similar to that of DV. One difference from DV is that D-5 HD compression uses a lapped (overlapped) transform, where the rightmost column of samples in an 8×8 block overlaps the leftmost column of the next block to the right. Upon decoding, the redundantly coded columns are reconstructed by averaging appropriate samples from two neighboring blocks. This scheme reduces blocking artifacts compared to the nonlapped transform used in DV. D-11 (HDCAM) compression The D-11 format was originated by Sony as HDCAM. This format uses M-JPEG-style coding quite similar to that of DV. The D-11 compression system is based upon a 1440×1080 image format and 3:1:1 chroma subsampling. Video interfaces in D-11 equipment are typically 1080i or 1080p at any of several different frame rates; downsampling is required upon compression, and upsampling is required upon decompression. Like D-5 HD, D-11 compression uses a lapped (overlapped) transform. CHAPTER 39 DV COMPRESSION 471
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Publishing Director: Diane Cerra Pu
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Digital Video and HDTV Algorithms a
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Raster images 1 This chapter introd
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4:3 16:9 Figure 1.3 Pan-and-scan cr
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Figure 1.7 Pixel arrays of several
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SDTV 1’ ( 1⁄60°) d= 1⁄480 SD
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See Appendix B, Introduction to rad
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4095 101 100 0 ∆ = 1% 40.95 : 1 F
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See Bit depth requirements, on page
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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The oct in octave refers to the eig
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Sound pressure level, relative 1 0
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Figure 2.4 Footroom and headroom ar
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Figure 3.1 Contrast control determi
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SMPTE RP 71, Setting Chromaticity a
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Figure 3.7 Brightness control in Ph
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Raster images in computing 4 This c
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Symbolic image description Many met
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Grayscale A grayscale image represe
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Poynton, Charles, “The rehabilita
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The browser-safe palette forms a ra
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Image width is the product of socal
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Don’t confuse PSF with progressiv
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Figure 5.3 Diagonal line reconstruc
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Figure 5.7 Bitmapped graphic image,
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Figure 5.8 Gaussian spot size. Soli
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Flicker is sometimes redundantly ca
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The word raster is derived from the
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Figure 6.3 Production aperture comp
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TEST SCENE SCANNING FIRST FIELD Ima
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Progressive Interlaced Image row 0
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FIRST FIELD SECOND FIELD Figure 6.1
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Table 6.3 Video systems are classif
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An electrical engineer may call thi
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When digital information is process
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Resolution properly refers to spati
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Figure 7.6 Vertical resolution in 4
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Pixel count places a constraint on
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The term luminance is widely misuse
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Figure 8.4 Nonlinearly coded relati
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Tristimulus values are correctly re
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Giorgianni, Edward J., and T.E. Mad
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Simultaneous contrast ratio is the
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Imaging system Some people suggest
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Introduction to luma and chroma 10
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Luma and color differences can be c
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4:2:0 This scheme is used in JPEG/J
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Figure 10.4 Interstitial chroma fil
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The notation CCIR is often wrongly
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Square sampling Component 4:2:2 Rec
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Component 4:2:2 Rec. 601-5 The tech
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See Table 13.1, on page 114, and th
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NTSC stands for National Television
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NTSC and PAL encoding NTSC or PAL e
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Figure 12.2 S-video interface invol
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Concerning the absence of D-4 in th
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Figure 13.1 Comparison of aspect ra
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ATSC A/53, Digital Television Stand
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System Scanning SMPTE standard STL
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data stored in scan-line order, hor
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Compression ratio Quality/applicati
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Figure 14.2 MPEG group of pictures
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Figure 14.6 Example GOP I0B1B2P3B4B
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Many MPEG terms - such as frame, pi
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 Code, 8-
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SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit 4:2:2 Component
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Voltage, mV 700 350 SMPTE 305.2M, S
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IEC 61883-1, Consumer audio/video e
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For details concerning SCH, see pag
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Some video switchers incorporate di
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My explanation describes the origin
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Figure 16.2 Cosine waves at exactly
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1 1+ sin 0.75 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.6
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0 1 2 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Time,
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-5 -4 -3 -2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1
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Impulse (point sampling) 0 1 t 0 2
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Figure 16.12 [1, 1] FIR filter sums
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Figure 16.17 5-tap FIR filter respo
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Figure 16.20 Comb filter response r
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125 ns, 45° at 1 MHz 125 ns, 90°
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Compensation of undesired phase res
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ωS 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ Eq 16.3 Ne ≈ ⋅
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We could use the term weighting, bu
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Figure 16.26 FIR filter example, 25
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1 1+ sin 0.44 ωt 2 0.5 Figure 16.2
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Resampling, interpolation, and deci
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Figure 17.1 Two-times upsampling st
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Figure 17.4 Analog filter for direc
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Julius O. Smith calls this Waring-
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Smith, A.R., “Planar 2-pass textu
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You can consider the entire stopban
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1 1 1 512 2 2 8 = · In a direct im
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Taken literally, decimation involve
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0 Horizontal displacement (fraction
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Figure 18.7 Spatial frequency spect
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Schreiber, William F., and Donald E
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Oversampling to double the number o
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10 k 1 k 100 10 1 100 m 10 m 100 1
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Viewing environment Max. luminance,
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ISO 5-1, Photography - Density meas
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Campbell, F.W., and V.G. Robson,
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See Introduction to radiometry and
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Figure 20.2 Luminance and lightness
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Figure 21.1 Example coordinate syst
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Power, relative 400 500 600 700 Wav
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B G 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 700
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The term sharpening is used in the
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Grassmann’s Third Law: Sources of
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1 y = 1- x 1 Spectral locus Line of
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Figure 21.9 SPDs of blackbody radia
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Tungsten illumination can’t have
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∆E* is pronounced DELTA E-star. i
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McCamy argues that under normal con
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Wyszecki, Günter, and W.S. Styles,
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If you are unfamiliar with the term
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CIE standards established in 1964 w
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Table 22.2 NTSC primaries (obsolete
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IEC FDIS 61966-2-1, Multimedia syst
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Michael Brill and R.W.G. Hunt argue
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CMF of X sensor CMF of Y sensor CMF
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CMF of Red sensor CMF of Green sens
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Spectral sensitivity of Red sensor
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For the D 65 reference now standard
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Eq 22.10 RGB components where one o
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Poynton, Charles, “Wide Gamut Dev
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Opto-electronic transfer function (
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Roberts, Alan, “Measurement of di
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The importance of rendering intent,
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See Headroom and footroom, on page
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Eq 23.7 Video signal, V’ 1.2 1.0
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Figure 23.5 Rec. 709, sRGB, and CIE
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PDP and DLP devices are commonly de
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Concerning the conversion between R
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Video, PC TRISTIM. Computergenerate
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An SGI workstation can be set to ha
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The Rec. 709 function is suitable f
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What are loosely called JPEG files
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+1 G AXIS 0 G Bk 0 255 G’ COMPONE
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Here the term color difference refe
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Figure 24.3 shows a time delay elem
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G
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The mismatch between the primaries
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XYZ or R 1G 1B 1 TRISTIMULUS 3×3 (
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Owing to the dependence of the opti
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Luma/color difference component set
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System Notation Color difference sc
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For a discussion of primary chromat
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Figure 25.2 P BP R components for S
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The Y’P B P R and Y’C B C R sca
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Eq 25.6 Eq 25.7 You can determine t
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+128 +127 0 -128 (clipped) 0 Figure
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When the term Y’UV (or YUV) is en
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Yl G G Figure 26.1 B’-Y’, R’-
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Figure 26.3 CBCR compo- +112 nents
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Concerning Pointer, see the margina
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Equations 26.12 and 26.13 are writt
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100% 90% 50% 10% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y
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Active lines (vertically) encompass
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Back porch is described in Analog h
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255 Full-range code, computing 0 -1
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danger in using such operations: Up
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If you use CTI, you run the risk of
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See Appendix A, YUV and luminance c
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Eq 28.3 Eq 28.4 Eq 28.5 Eq 28.6 1
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It is unfortunate that the formulat
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Y’/C SEPARAT
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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COMPOSITE VIDEO or S-video LUMA COM
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COMPOSITE NTSC VIDEO Saturation Hue
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Y’ C f SC Figure 29.1 Y’/C spec
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1 2 ... 262 263 Figure 29.4 Color s
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Figure 29.7 Dot crawl is exhibited
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1 2 3 4 ... Figure 29.9 Color subca
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COMPOSITE PAL VIDEO Y’/C SEPARATO
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t Opposite field Y’+C t+1⁄59.94
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CHROMA FILTER RESPONSE CHROMA (C) S
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CHROMA (C) SPECTRAL POWER LUMA (Y
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Because an analog demodulator canno
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Y’ I Q 1.3 MHz 600 kHz SUBCARRIER
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A decoder cannot determine whether
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525 · 60 = 15750 2 Line rate The t
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60 1000 525× 2 1001 315 88 3 57954
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Sampling NTSC at 4f SC gives 910 sa
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60 Hz 7 · 5 · 5 · 3 525/60 (480
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3· 588· 25 Hz = 44100 Hz 3 490 30
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See Frame, field, line, and sample
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SMPTE 258M, Television - Transfer o
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The IRE unit is introduced on page
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SMPTE 12M, Time and Control Code. S
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The V and H bits are asserted durin
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* 1250/50 is an exception; see SMPT
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See NTSC two-frame sequence, on pag
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SMPTE 260M describes a scheme, now
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SMPTE 292M, Bit-Serial Digital Inte
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A Naive combined sync establishes h
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1 PRE- BROAD EQUALIZATION PULSES 0V
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Most lines have a single normalwidt
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1 23 4 5 6 7 Figure 34.6 Sync separ
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Figure 34.7 BNC connector Figure 34
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Figure 35.1 A videotape recorder (V
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In consumer VCR search mode playbac
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Heads for other longitudinal tracks
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The term sync in sync block is unre
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Notation Component analog VTRs are
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Page 430 and 431: Notation Method Tape width (track p
Page 432 and 433: D-7 (DVCPRO), DVCAM runs twice the
Page 434 and 435: D-12 (DVCPRO HD) The DV standard wa
Page 436 and 437: Figure 36.1 “2-3 pulldown” refe
Page 438 and 439: Film is transferred to 576i25 video
Page 440 and 441: FILM A A VIDEO, 2-3 PULLDOWN A VIDE
Page 442 and 443: Native 24 Hz coding Traditionally,
Page 444 and 445: Figure 37.1 Test scene FIRST FIELD
Page 446 and 447: For a modest improvement over 2-tap
Page 448 and 449: Figure 37.13 Interstitial spatial f
Page 450: IN Figure 37.17 Cosited spatial fil
Page 454 and 455: ISO/IEC 10918, Information Technolo
Page 456 and 457: Figure 38.2 DCT concentrates image
Page 458 and 459: Eq 38.1 Owing to the eight-line-hig
Page 460 and 461: In MPEG-2, DC terms can be coded wi
Page 462 and 463: Figure 38.8 Zigzag scanning is used
Page 464 and 465: Figure 38.12 Compression ratio cont
Page 466 and 467: Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
Page 468 and 469: Concerning DVC recording, see page
Page 470 and 471: 356 357 358 359 Figure 39.2 Chroma
Page 472 and 473: CMs in a segment are denoted a thro
Page 474 and 475: For a more elaborate description, a
Page 476 and 477: DV HD HD stands for high definition
Page 480 and 481: I assume that you are familiar with
Page 482 and 483: Profile @Level High (HL) High-1440
Page 484 and 485: Profile@Level Samples/ line (S AL)
Page 486 and 487: 4:2:0 (top field) Y’ 0 Y’ 1 Y
Page 488 and 489: Inverse quantization is sometimes d
Page 490 and 491: Table 40.7 MPEG macroblock types Pr
Page 492 and 493: A perverse encoder could use an int
Page 494 and 495: Figure 40.5 Field DCT type creates
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 40 MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION
Page 498 and 499: This method is sometimes called “
Page 500 and 501: An MPEG bitstream must be construct
Page 502 and 503: structure,” where slices cover th
Page 504: Part 4 Studio standards 41 480i com
Page 507 and 508: Table 41.1 480i line assignment EQ
Page 509 and 510: EIA and FCC standards in the United
Page 511 and 512: SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
Page 513 and 514: 63. 555 732 − 716 30. 593 ≈ −
Page 515 and 516: The P B and P R scale factors are a
Page 517 and 518: standards use setup, and neither gi
Page 519 and 520: 455 2 × 525 = 119437. 5 Colorframe
Page 521 and 522: Certain elements of the vertical in
Page 523 and 524: Eq 42.6 Eq 42.7 SMPTE 259M, 10-Bit
Page 525 and 526: 714 2 Voltage, mV / 7 53 0 4 / 7 -2
Page 527 and 528: Table 43.1 576i line assignment EQ
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Line 623 commences with a normal sy
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SMPTE RP 168, Definition of Vertica
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8:8:8 denoted sampling of 576i (or
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Voltage, mV 700 350 0 -300 0 H Figu
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PAL +135° burst lies on the U-V ax
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Coding extends to 1.3 times the pic
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Voltage, mV 700 350 BBC/ITA, Specif
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Figure 45.2 Colorbar R’G’B’ p
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hue saturation Alternatively, the r
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Figure 45.6 Modulated ramp waveform
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RAISED COSINE SIN SQUARED Figure 45
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Figure 45.11 Modulated 12.5T pulse
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SMPTE 296M, 1280 × 720 Progressive
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0 H precedes the first word of SAV
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702 lines high, centered on the pro
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mV +700 +350 +300 0 -300 -40 +40 0H
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Amplitude ripple tolerance in the p
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24 1. 001 30 1. 001 60 1. 001 ≈
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0H precedes the first word of SAV b
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mV +300 Sync 0 -300 +350 +300 PB, P
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564 DIGITAL VIDEO AND HDTV ALGORITH
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Component digital 4:2:2 interface Y
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Part 5 Broadcast and consumer stand
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In 1993, the International Radio Co
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Main audio program, (monophonic) Fr
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Only CN/PAL is deployed today - in
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ITU-R system Colloquial Scanning fS
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NTSC-4.43 The NTSC-4.43 scheme, som
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Incoherent subcarrier Many consumer
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Color-under recording was introduce
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Digital television broadcast standa
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MPEG-2 specifies upper bounds for p
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DVB standards are promulgated by ET
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Appendices A YUV and luminance cons
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for 500 pounds of cement, you will
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Pratt, William K., Digital Image Pr
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Hamilton, Eric, JPEG File Interchan
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Eq B.1 Radiant exitance sums emitte
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A lumen is produced by about 1.5 mW
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Michael Brill and Bob Hunt agree th
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Glossary of video signal terms This
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2. An SDTV component digital video
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Alpha, α In computer graphics, a c
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235 at an 8-bit component (Rec. 601
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CCIR System 1. Former designation,
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“combination” (of the RF parame
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Y’C B C R , and MAC. Distinguishe
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CVBS Composite video with burst and
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Decimation Resampling producing few
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DVCPRO50 Digital video cassette, pr
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along with all associated preceding
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correction is usually performed at
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Interstitial 1. Chroma subsampling
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Level 1. In video, generally, the a
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M-JPEG A technique or file format u
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Nit Candela per meter squared, cd·
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PAL, nonmathematical A PAL (1) syst
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R’-Y’ See B’-Y’, R’-Y’,
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tion. The precise color interpretat
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SDTI Serial data transmission inter
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Transcoding 1. Traditionally, conve
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VHS Video Home System: A consumer a
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α, alpha (absorptance) 602 α, alp
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5000 K (color temperature) 225 525/
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aspect ratio (cont’d) 4:3 in 480i
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Bringhurst, Robert xliv British Sta
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clipping (cont’d) of C B and C R,
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composite (cont’d) NTSC and PAL 9
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decoder controls 346 conventional l
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EIAJ 573 electro-optical transfer f
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filter (cont’d) and sampling 141-
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grayscale 35 see also gamma green 2
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intensity (cont’d) radiant (I) 20
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level (cont’d) of AC coefficient
Page 684 and 685:
McLellan, J.H. 167 MCU (minimum cod
Page 686 and 687:
NTSC (cont’d) primary chromaticit
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pixel (cont’d) bilevel 34 graysca
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ate (cont’d) sampling, 13.5 MHz 9
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saturation 212 and colorbars 535 an
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spatiotemporal domain 10 (sketch) S
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tone reproduction curve (TRC) see t
Page 698 and 699:
viewing (cont’d) distance (cont
Page 700 and 701:
sketch by Kevin Melia About the aut
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