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7. Louis R. Harlan, "Booker T. Washington's Discovery of Jews," in J. Morgan
Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds., Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor
of C. Vann Woodward (New York, 1982), pp. 267-69; Du Bois quoted in Francis L.
Broderick, W, E, B. Du Bois: Negro Leader in a Time of Crisis (Stanford, 1959), pp.
26-27, n.
8. Resisting at first the suggestion of some prominent Jews that such statements
were offensive, Du Bois finally reconsidered and revised the passages at issue in the
Jubilee Edition of the book. See Herbert Aptheker, "The Souls of Black Folk: A
Comparison of the 1903 and 1952 Editions," Negro History Bulletin, XXXIV (Jan.
1971), 15-17.
9. Langston Hughes, "Hard Luck," fine Clothes to the Jew (New York, 1929), p.
18; James Baldwin, "The Harlem Ghetto: Winter 1948," Commentary, V (Feb. 1948),
169.
10. Christian Recorder, Sept. 1, 1899, Washington Bee, Aug. 11, 1899, New York
Age, Feb. 8, 1899; A. M. E. Church Review, IX (1892-1893), 8; Colored American, Apr.
22, 1899, all quoted in Foner, "Black-Jewish Relations," pp. 360-61. See also
Scheiner, Negro Mecca, pp. 132—33.
11. Booker T. Washington, The Future of the American Negro (1899), and manuscript
of an article, "Race Prejudice in Europe," Dec. 5, 1911, in Louis R. Harlan and
Raymond W. Smock, eds., The Booker T. Washington Papers, vol. V (Urbana, 1976), p.
369, and vol. XI (Urbana, 1981), p. 397, respectively; James Weldon Johnson,
"Prejudice Minus Discrimination," New York Age, Jan. 28, 1915 (on the same theme,
see also Johnson's columns of Feb. 3, 1916, and Feb. 2, 1918); [W. E. B. Du Bois,]
"Organization," Crisis, IX (Mar. 1915), 235, in Herbert Aptheker, ed., Selections from
THE CRISIS, vol. I, 1911-25 (Millwood, NY, 1983), p. 91.
12. New York Age, Feb. 16, 1911 (Ransom), May 7, 1914; Messenger, I (Nov.
1917), 18; New York Amsterdam News, Apr. 16, 1930 (Miller), all quoted in Steven
Bloom, "Interactions between Blacks and Jews in New York City, 1900—1930, as
Reflected in the Black Press" (Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1973), pp.
75, 84, 230, and 229, respectively.
13. Krauskopf in Crisis, VI (June 1913), 86; Chicago Defender, Jan. 13, 1923, both
quoted in Bloom, "Interactions between Blacks and Jews," pp. 230, 290. Wise spoke
about the commonality between Blacks and Jews in his address to the NAACP's
annual meeting in 1934: "You, too, have been wronged. You, too, have been deeply
wounded Even as we shall, survive Hitlerism in Germany and in other lands so you
will survive the trials and the injustices and the abysmal wrongs of which you are the
victims." Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, "Parallel Between Hitlerism and the Persecution of
Negroes in America," Crisis, XLI (May 1934), 128-29.
14. For a different interpretation—that German-Jewish and Afro-American
elites, sharing "an ideology of extreme cultural assimilationism," chose in self-defense