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34. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New
York, 1948), pp. 47-53; Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, pp. 154-63;
Kellogg, NAACP, pp. 242-45; Meier and Rudwick, "Attorneys Black and White,"
pp. 138-39; Louis Marshall to Walter White, Mar. 12, 1923, New York Foundation
Archives, folder marked "NAACP— General, Prior to 1940," New York Foundation,
New York City.
35. New York Amsterdam. News, Apr. 16, 1930 (Miller), quoted in Bloom,
"Interactions between Blacks and Jews," p. 284; Cyrus Adler, "Louis Marshall, A
Biographical Sketch," in Louis Marshall: A Biographical Sketch by Cyrus Adler and
Memorial Addresses by Cyrus Adler, Irving Lehman, Horace Stern (New York, 1931), p. 65.
Corrigan v, Buckley involved "the validity of a restrictive covenant in an agreement
between the owners of private property"; the Court "held that the inhibitions of the
constitutional provisions invoked applied only to government action as distinguished
from that of private individuals" (Reznikoff, ed., Louis Marshall, I, 465 n.). In 1948,
in Shelley v. Kraemer, the Court embraced Marshall's argument that privately arranged
restrictive covenants were not legally enforceable. (On Marshall's role in Corrigan v.
Buckley, see his correspondence with James Weldon Johnson [Sept. 25, 1924],
Moorfield Storey {Dec. 12, 1924, Sept. 24, 1925], and Senator William E. Borah
[Apr. 19, 1926], in ibid., pp. 459-65.) In Nixon v. Herndon, the Court accepted
Marshall's argument that a state law barring Blacks from participating in Democratic
Party primary elections in Texas violated the Fourteenth Amendment. (See Marshall's
brief in ibid., pp. 426—47.) In Nixon v. Condon, the Court invalidated a Texas law giv-
ing political parties the power to prescribe the qualifications of their members on the
grounds that they were, in effect, acting as agents of the state. (On Nixon v. Condon,
see Marshall's correspondence with William T. Andrews [Jan. 26, 1929} and Fred C.
Knollenberg [Apr. 17, 1929], in ibid., pp. 447-59, and James Marshall Oral History
Memoir, Apr. 11, June 6, 1974, pp. 67, 151, American Jewish Committee's Oral
History Collection, Jewish Division, New York Public Library.)
36. Irving Lehman memorial address, Nov. 10, 1929, in Louis Marshall: A
Biographical Sketch...and Memorial Addresses, p. 93 (source of the quote); Morton
Rosenstock, Louis Marshall: Defender a/Jewish Rights (Detroit, 1965), pp. 28, 274;
James Marshall Oral History Memoir, Apr. 11, 1974, pp. 69-70.
37. Marshall quoted in Diner, In the Almost Promised Land, pp. 151—52; Segal
quoted in ibid., p. 1 32; Adler, "Louis Marshall, A Biographical Sketch," pp. 20—21.
38. Meier and Rudwick, "Attorneys Black and White," p. 141 (White quote);
Mark V. Tushnet, The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925—1950
(Chapel Hill, 1987), chs. 1-2 (Margold Report quoted on p. 28); Richard Kluger,
Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for
Equality (New York, 1975), pp. 166-69, 232-33 (Hastie quote is on p. 169).
39. Diner, In the Almost Promised Land, pp. 133-^42; Cyrus Adler, Jacob H. Schiff: