Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

Allies of a Different Sort \\ 221
16. See Robert Allen, Reluctant Reformers: Racism and Social Reform Movements in
the United States (Washington, D.C., 1983), 212-15; Foner, American Socialism and
Black Americans; Johnson, "Marxism and the Negro Freedom Struggle," 28—34;
Lawrence Moore, "Flawed Fraternity: American Socialist Response and the Negro,
1901-1920," journal of'Negro History 33, no. 1 (1969), 1-14; Mark Naison, "Marxism
and Black Radicalism in America: Notes on a Long (and Continuing) Journey,"
Radical America" 5, no. 3 (1971), 4—10; David A. Shannon, The Socialist Party of
America (New York, 1955), 49-52; Sally M. Miller, "The Socialist Party and the
Negro, 1901-1920," Journal of Negro History, 56 (July 1971), 229. Based on English
language sources only, this and other accounts of the same subject remain incomplete.
But Miller accurately reflects the approach as emphasizing class almost to the exclu-
sion of race. Nationality groups came to recognize their own special plight almost
inadvertently, until World War I compelled their attention, split the ranks of nearly
all immigrant groups politically, and prompted the rise of the communist groupings
which eventually sought to factor race into a complex approach.
17. On Blacks and the IWW, Selig Perlman and Philip Taft, History of Labor in
the United States (New York, 1935), 247; Bernard A. Cook, "Covington Hall and
Radical Rural Unionization in Louisiana," Louisiana History 18, no. 2 (1977), 230,
235; Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the IWW (Chicago, 1969), 8-9,
210, 213-16; James F. Fickle, "Race, Class, and Radicalism: The Wobblies in the
Southern Lumber Industry, 1900-1916," in Joseph Conlin, ed., At the Point of
Production: The Local Hist-ory of the IWW (Westport, CT, 1981), 98-109; Merl E.
Reed, "Lumberjacks and Longshoremen: The IWW in Louisiana," Labor History 13,
no. 1 (Winter 1972), 44-58; James R. Green, "The Brotherhood of Timber Workers,
1910-1913: A Radical Response to Industrial Capitalism in the Southern U.S.A.,"
Past and Present, 60 (August 1973), 161-200; Philip Foner, "The IWW and the Black
Worker," Journal of Negro History 55 (January 1970), 45—64; and portions of Spero and
Harris, The Black Worker, esp. 329-335.
18. Foner, "The IWW and the Black Worker," 51; Herbert R. Northrup,
Organized Labor and the Negro (New York, 1944), 144; Myland R. Brown, "The
IWW and the Negro Worker" (Ed.D., Ball State University, 1968), 67; Spero and
Harris, The Black Worker, 333—36: Irwin Marcus, "Benjamin Fletcher: Black Labor
Leader," Negro History Bulletin 35 (October 1972), 131-40; Benjamin Fletcher,
"Philadelphia Waterfront Unionism," The Messenger (June 1923), 740-41; quote
from Benjamin Fletcher, "The Negro and Organized Labor," The Messenger 5, no. 7
(July 1923), 760.
19. Even Modern Dance, a specialized Masses with a disproportionately Jewish
readership, praised the jazz dance as the sentiment of the new generation, rooted in
African American culture. For an analysis of the significance of a young radical's zest
for jazz dancing see Paul Buhle, A Dreamer's Paradise Lost: Louis C. Fraina/Lewis Corey,
1892-1953 (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1995), chapter 2.