Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

250 // EARL LEWIS
15. For a sample of the conflicting biographical profiles, see Eric Foner, Freedom's
Lawmakers (New York, 1993), pp. 39-40; Bertram Wallace Korn, "Jews and Negro
Slavery in the Old South, 1789-1865," in Dinnerstein and Palsson, eds.,Jews in the
South, pp. 1 17-19; Joel Williamson, After Slavery (Chapel Hill, NC, 1965), p. 210.
Hagy, This Happy Land, pp. 100, 152-54.
16. Hagy, This Happy Land, pp. 174-76.
17. George Lawrence, trans., and J.P. Mayer, ed., Alexis De Tocqueville,
Democracy in America (New York, 1988), pp. 343—44.
18. Hagy, This Happy l^and, p. 100; Korn, "Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old
South," pp. 1.16—17. Similar accounts of interracial love are documented across the
South. See, for example, Thomas E. Buckley, "Unfixing Race: Class, Power, and
Identity in an Interracial Family," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 102 (July
1994): 349-380, or Adele Logan Alexander, Ambiguous Lives (Fayetteville, AR, 1991),
pp. 63-90.
19. Deborah Gray White, Arn't I a Woman.- 1 : Female Slaves in the Plantation South
(New York, 1985); A. Leon Higginbotham, "Race, Sex, Education, and Missouri
Jurisprudence: Shelley v. Kraemer in Historical Perspective," Washington University
Law Quarterly 67 (1989): 684-685; and Melton A. McLaurin, Celia, A Slave (Athens,
GA, 1991).
20. Again, for a sample of the conflicting biographical profiles, see Foner,
Freedom's Lawmakers, pp. 39-40; Korn, "Jews and Negro Slavery in the Old South,
1789-1865," pp. 117-19; Williamson, After Slavery, pp. 210. Foner identified the
father as Isaac, but offered a description that more closely fits Jacob. Korn acknowledged
the controversy over patrimony but decided to identify Isaac as the father since
that is what Francis's descendants prefer. Williamson believed Jacob was the father.
Hagy, meanwhile, found no definite evidence and concluded that either brother could
have been the father. Hagy, This Happy Land, pp. 100, 152-54, 213-14.
21. There is not only a question of patrimony but also of filial connection. All
sources list Francis and Thomas as brothers; their relationship to Henry goes unacknowledged
in all but one instance. Henry (1830—1886), who was several years older
than Francis (1837-1903) and Thomas (1838-1881), is called their brother by Korn.
Even contemporary sources identify Lydia Williams as his mother—i.e., Foner,
Freedom's lawmakers, p.40. By Charleston standards the Cardozo's were a small group,
and Isaac and Jacob the only unattached men of marriage age around 1 8.30. It is highly
probable therefore that the three were possibly brothers and at least first cousins.
For further details see Francis L. Cardoso Family Papers, Library of Congress.
22. Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters (New York, 1984), p.