Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

Notes
Allies of a Different Sort \\ 219
1. Robert Weisbord and Arthur Stein, Bittersweet Encounter: The Afro-American and
the American Jew (Westport, CT, 1970); Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual
(New York, 1967).
2. See, e.g., Bruce Carlan Levine, "Free Soil, Free Labor and Freimaenner: German
Chicago in the Civil War Era," in Hartmut Keil and John B. Jentz, eds., German
Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850—1910: A Comparative Perspective (DeKalb, IL,
1983), 163—82. Like other accounts of antebellum German radicalism, this falls short
by failing to note the small but significant Jewish presence among the movement's
intellectuals.
3. See Christine Hess, "German Radicals in Industrial America: The Lehr and
Wehr-Verein in Gilded Age Chicago," in ibid., 206—23; Paul Buhle, Marxism in the
United States (London, 1990, 2nd edition), chapter 1; and the various essays in
Hartmut Keil and John Jentz, eds., German Workers Culture in Chicago (Washington,
D.C., 1990).
4. See Timothy Messer-Kruse, "The Yankee International: Marxism and the
American Reform Tradition, 1831-1876" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin,
1994).
5. Oakley C. Johnson, "Marxism and the Negro Freedom Struggle (1876—1917),"
Journal of Human Relations 13, no. 1 (1965), 25—27.
6. Adolf Douai, a German '48er of note and briefly the editor of an antebellum
Abolitionist newspaper in Texas, was the most important veteran newspaper editor in
the German-American socialist movement of the 1870s—80s, and the leading figure
of a milieu of German-language, disproportionately Jewish (but very assimilated)
intellectuals. As Philip S. Foner noted, Douai now and then made a special point of
urging the organization of Black workers. Foner, History of Labor in the U.S., vol. 1
(New York, 1947), 503. Ordinarily, Black workers were little discussed in the social-
ist papers of the day. See also Johnson, "Marxism and the Negro Freedom Struggle,"
21-24; Philip S. Foner, American Socialism and Black Americans (Westport, CT, 1977);
James R. Green, Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895-1943
(Baton Rouge, 1978).
7. Samuel Gompers said that as far as he could help it, "the Caucasians are not
going to let their standard of living be destroyed by negroes, Chinamen, Japs or any
other." American Federationist (September 1905), 636, also quoted in Philip Foner and
Ronald Lewis, eds., The Black Worker: A Documentary History from Colonial Times to the
Present, vol. 5 (Philadelphia, 1980), 124. For more on the AFL's policies regarding
race, see Sterling D. Spero and Abram L. Harris, The Black Worker: The Negro and the
Labor Movement (New York, 1931), 53-104; Foner, American Socialism and Black