Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

The Medieval Background \\ 63
French Monarchy and the Jews, pp. 11—1 5. See also Edwards, Jews in Christian Europe,
pp. 43-61.
16. Daniel Lasker, Jewish Philosophical Polemics against Christianity in the Middle
Ages (New York, 1977).
17. The texts cited in this paragraph were translated and are discussed by Yosef
Yerushalmi, "The Inquisition and the Jews of France in the Time of Bernard Gui,"
Harvard Theological Review, 63 (1970), 357-63.
18. David Berger, ed., The Jewish-Christian Debate in the High Middle Ages: A
Critical Edition of the Nizzahon Vetus (Philadelphia, 1979), p. 215 (English), p. 150
(Hebrew). For propriety's sake Berger understandably does not use this word in his
English translation.
19. The appropriate passages from Kimhi's work are translated into English in
Robert Chazan, Church. State and the Jew in the Middle Ages (New York, 1980), p. 252.
20. David Abulafia, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (New York, 1992), p. 337.
21. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural
Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, 1993), p. 197.
22. This section addresses medieval Christians' understandings of Blackness as a
symbolic marker, since these had a powerful impact on later developments. Jewish
views are discussed by David Goldenberg in another essay in this collection.
23. Michel Pastoureau, Figures et couleurs: Etudes sur la symbolique et la sensibilite
medievales (Paris, 1986), p. 40.
24. Paul Kaplan, "Black Africans in Hohenstaufen Iconography," Gesta, 26
(1987), 29-36.
25. Eexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, 8 vols., ed. Engelbert Kirschbaum and
others (Rome and elsewhere, 1968-1976), 6, cc. 441—42 s.v. "Gregor der Mohr"; 7,
cc. 343—52 s.v. "Kosmas und Damian." On the fascinating figure of Feirefiz, see Linda
Parshall, The Art of Narration in Wolfram's Parzival and Albrecht's Jungerer Titurel
(Cambridge, 1981), index s.v. "Feirefiz."
26. For a discussion of the Life and the quoted excerpts, see Brigitte Gazelles, The
Lady as Saint: A Collection of French Hagiographic Romances of the Thirteenth Century
(Philadelphia, 1991), pp. 216-37.
27. Ruth Mellinkoff, "Demonic Winged Headgear," Viator, 16 (1985), 374;
William Jordan, "The Last Tormentor of Christ: An Image of the Jew in Ancient and
Medieval Exegesis, Art, and Drama," Jewish Quarterly Review, 78 (1987), 36. (It must
be stressed that the depictions are not usually based on real human beings known to
the artist, but are extrapolations from textual descriptions or copies generated within
a tradition which originates remotely in physical observation.)