Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

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NEGOTIATING COALITION Black and Jewish Civil Rights Agencies in the Twentieth Century eight CHERYL GREENBERG •"• frican American and Jewish American communities have long sought to organize for their own advancement through a variety of institutions, from : mass to elite, from nationalist to integrationist, from conservative to radical. During the middle-twentieth century agencies advocating liberalism, coalition building, and integration into the political, economic, and social mainstream have been the most prominent. Examining the relationships between these organizations in the Black and Jewish communities, therefore, offers a profitable approach to Black-Jewish relations during the period of the modern civil rights movement. Such a study avoids the dangers of generalizing from the actions of a few (the "but Goodman and Schwerner were Jewish" argument) and has the added advantage of allowing us to trace developments over time, as organizational decisions and tactics changed. Budgets and staff allocation reveal the priorities of these groups, and are thus invaluable in understanding the extent to which Black- Jewish collaboration went beyond rhetoric or good intentions. Furthermore, these agencies may in fact be the clearest representation of their communities that can be identified. Organizations that were economically supported by their community and claimed to speak for it constantly monitored their community's feelings because moving too far ahead or behind group sentiment spelled financial and political disaster. Tracing the positions and priorities of successful ethnic organizations not only reveals the level of commitment the organized community felt toward civil rights questions, but almost as reliably also uncovers broader community views. Most prominent among the African American organizations in the early twentieth century were the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Urban League (NUL), and National Association of \\ 153
154 // CHERYL GREENBERG Colored Women (NACW). Within two decades these were joined by the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). Pressing them from the left were the National Negro Congress and A. Philip Randolph's Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, along with several prominent African American Communists, while the Garvey movement and its Universal Negro Improvement Association embodied widespread nationalist sentiment that liberal organizations ignored at their peril. Local and religious organizations also competed for the allegiance of the community. Among Jews, the American Jewish Committee (AJC), American Jewish Congress (AJCongress), National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), Anti- Defamation League of B'nai Brith (ADL), and later the Jewish Labor Committee (JLC) navigated a path within boundaries marked by Zionist nationalists, religious conservatives, and radical anti-religious, socialist, and communist groups. These Black and Jewish organizations, very different from one another but all dedicated to liberalism, pluralism, and integrationism, emerged as leaders in their communities by the 1940s, and were supported by a wider segment of their communities than groups of any other political position. It was these groups that made the deliberate choice to cooperate with agencies outside their own communities in order to further their goals. Although these cooperative networks became extensive, embracing a variety of ethnic, racial, religious, and political groups, for a variety of reasons the collaboration between organizations of Blacks and Jews moved ahead most swiftly and with most dramatic effect. Yet this relationship, often called an alliance because of the sustained and close nature of the contacts, was not without its tensions. These tensions were in many ways rooted in American society and culture, and they contributed to the dramatic decline in cooperation between the two communities by the late 1960s. Both the positive strengths of the Black-Jewish political relationship and its significant tensions are the subject of this chapter. Although both Blacks and Jews had been in the United States from the earliest days of colonization, relations between them had never stood out in sharper distinction than with other groups. Religious parochialism and bigotry had strained relations between Jews and both white and Black Christians, while slavery and racism defined relations between all African Americans and whites of every religion. Thus Black-Jewish tensions existed only insofar as most Jews were white, and most African Americans were Christian. The low number of Jews living in the south, and the resulting infrequency of contact, also lessened the likelihood of a distinct relationship between them. Had Jews played a prominent part in either pro-slavery or anti-slavery activity, the case might have been different, but although individual Jews and local Jewish groups took positions on both sides of the debate and the Civil War, the organized Jewish community was too small (and often, too fearful of anti-Semitism) to be of much consequence. All this changed with the Black migration north and the Eastern European Jewish migration to American urban centers. By the early twentieth century, a sizable northern and urban Black community, freer from constraints than their
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STRUGGLES in the PROMISED LAND
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STRUGGLES in the PROMISED LAND Towa
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"Struggles in the Promised Land," C
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Introduction JACK SALZMAN I 1 The C
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STRUGGLES in the PROMISED LAND
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STRUGGLES IN THE PROMISED LAND intr
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Introduction \\ 3 center of Western
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Introduction \\ 5 against the will
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Introduction \\ 7 work. (The import
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Introduction \\ 9 suddenly, Jews co
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Introduction \\ 11 rise of Nazi pow
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Introduction \\ 13 figures were (an
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Introduction \\ 15 of the power eli
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Introduction \\ 17 friends were cau
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Introduction \\ 19 Mary R. Lefkowit
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THE CURSE OF HAM A Case of Rabbinic
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The Curse of Ham \\ 23 The American
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The Curse of Ham \\ 25 century West
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The Curse of Ham \\ 27 How did the
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The Curse of Ham \\ 29 beard became
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The Curse of Ham \\ 31 be said to r
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The Curse of Ham \\ 33 The Curse of
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'The Curse of Ham \\ 35 became the
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The Curse of Ham \\ 37 means of an
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The Curse of Ham \\ 39 Revue de I'U
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The Curse of Ham \\ 41 explain the
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The Curse of Ham \\ 43 24. Cf. Gene
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The Curse of Ham \\ 45 the son of C
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The Curse of Ham \\ 47 write histor
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The Curse of Ham \\ 49 Some authors
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The Curse of Ham \\ 51 an Ethiopian
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THE MEDIEVAL BACKGROUND WILLIAM CHE
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The Medieval Background \\ 55 and s
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Blackness The Medieval Background \
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The Medieval Background \\ 59 Vince
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The Medieval Background \\ 61 So, a
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The Medieval Background \\ 63 Frenc
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JEWS IN THE SLAVE TRADE three DAVID
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Jews in the Slave Trade \\ 67 Fortu
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Jews in the Slave Trade \\ 69 ed of
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Jews in the Slave Tirade \\ 71 sobe
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'THE LAW OF THE LAND IS THE LAW" An
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The Law of the Land Is the Law \\ 7
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BETWEEN WORDS AND DEEDS Jews and Bl
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 89 group
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 91 Hebre
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 93 ulati
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 95 stran
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 97 How d
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 99 omy t
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Between Words and Deeds \\ 101 or p
Page 114 and 115: Between Words and Deeds \\ 103 Bene
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Page 118 and 119: BLACKS AND JEWS The Struggle in the
Page 120 and 121: Blacks and Jews: The Struggle in th
Page 130 and 131: Blacks andjeu's: The Struggle in th
Page 134 and 135: LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS OF THE CIVIL
Page 136 and 137: Long-Distance Runners of the Civil
Page 146 and 147: Long-Distance Runners of the the Ci
Page 150 and 151: Long-Distance Runner!, of the Civil
Page 166 and 167: Negotiating Coalition \\ 155 compat
Page 168 and 169: Negotiating Coalition \\ 157 spread
Page 170 and 171: Negotiating Coalition \\ 159 Presid
Page 172 and 173: Negotiating Coalition \\ 161 forcea
Page 174 and 175: Negotiating Coalition \\ 163 is to
Page 176 and 177: Negotiating Coalition \\ 165 howeve
Page 178 and 179: Negotiating Coalition \\ 167 its su
Page 180 and 181: Notes Negotiating Coalition \\ 169
Page 182 and 183: Negotiating Coalition \\ 171 Finder
Page 184 and 185: Negotiating Coalition \\ 173 box 17
Page 186 and 187: Negotiating Coalition \\ 175 jectiv
Page 188 and 189: BLACK-JEWISH UNIVERSALISM IN THE ER
Page 190 and 191: Black-Jewish Univenalism in the Era
Page 192 and 193: Black-Jewish Universalism in the Er
Page 200 and 201: Black-Jewish U niversalism in the E
Page 208 and 209: ALLIES OF A DIFFERENT SORT Jews and
Page 210 and 211: Allies of a Different Sort \\ 199 e
Page 212 and 213: Allies of a Different Sort \\ 201 t
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 203 R
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 205 a
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 207 a
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 209 "
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 211 m
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 213 s
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 215 h
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 217 T
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Notes Allies of a Different Sort \\
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 221 1
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 223 A
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 225 3
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 227 t
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Allies of a Different Sort \\ 229 P
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THE NEED TO REMEMBER Three Phases i
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The Need to Remember \\ 233 the ten
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One Significant Example The Need to
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The Need to Remember \\ 237 several
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The Need to Remember \\ 239 The ext
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The Need to Remember \\ 241 tions.
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The Need to Remember \\ 243 and ant
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The Need to Remember \\ 245 narrow
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The Need to Remember \\ 247 pal of
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The Need to Remember \\ 249 7. Ira
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The Need to Remember \\ 251 53; Dic
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The Need to Remember \\ 253 leges i
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The Need to Remember \\ 255 CONINTE
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AFRICAN AMERICANS AND JEWS IN HOLLY
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African Americans and Jews in Holly
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SEPARATE PATHS thirt een Blacks and
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Separate Paths \\ 277 attracted att
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Separate Paths \\ 279 sharecropper
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Separate Paths \\ 281 voter registr
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separate Paths \\ 283 Montgomery bu
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Separate Paths \\ 285 nor in the li
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Separate Paths \\ 287 and sexual co
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Separate Paths \\ 289 by Islam. Afr
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Separate Paths \\ 291 14. "Over the
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Separate Paths \\ 293 42. Powdermak
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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Jewish Ideals, J
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Affirmative Action: Jewish Ideals,
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Affirmative Action: Action: Jewish
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APPENDIX Affirmative Action: Jewish
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Notes Affirmative Action: Jewish Id
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Affirmative Action: Jewish Ideals.
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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION African American
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Affirmative Action: African America
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"NATION TIME!" Black Nationalism, T
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Nation Time! \\ 343 pcting national
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Nation Time! \\ 345 In spite of the
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Nation Time! \\ 347 case among unto
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Nation Time! \\ 349 Likewise, the d
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Nat ion Time! \\ 351 A revealing ex
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Nation Time! \\ 353 The far greater
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Nation Time! \\ 355 Black and Red:
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AFRICAN AMERICANS AND ISRAEL GARY E
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African Americans and Israel \\ 359
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III African Americans and Israel \\
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ON IMAGINING FOES, IMAGINING FRIEND
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On Imagining Foes, Imagining Friend
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BLACKS, JEWS, AND GENDER nineteen T
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 387 You
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 389 for
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 39! als
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 393 Jr.
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 395 sch
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 397 be
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Blacks, Jews, and Gender \\ 399 Ano
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BLACKS AND JEWS A Personal Reflecti
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Blacks Blacks and Jews: A Personal
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Blacks and Jews: A Personal Reflect
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III Blacks Blacks and Jews: A Perso
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Blacks and Jews: A Personal Reflect
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WALKING THE TIGHTROPE Some Personal
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Walking the Tightrope \\ 413 societ
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Walking the Tightrope \\ 415 This p
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Paul Buhle teaches American Civiliz
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Notes on Contributors \\ 419 Theodo
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Berman, Paul, ed. Blacks and Jews:
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A. M. E. Church Review, 126 Abie's
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Bronx (New York): neighborhoods, 18
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Douglas, Justice, 337n.l '5 Douglas
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iots, 1977, 118; store owner, murde
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opposition to, 166, 402; withdrawal
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Naison, Mark, 206 Nassar, President
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Religious Action Center of Reform J
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Com
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Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

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