Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

222 // PAUL BUHLE AND ROBIN D. G. KELLEY
20. Quote from "Why Negroes Should Join the IWW," The Messenger 2, no. 7
(July 1919), 8; see also, Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait
(New York, 1972), 76-96; Theodore Kornweibel, Jr., No Crystal Stair: Black Life and
the Messenger, 1917-1928 (Westport, CT, 1975).
21. Anderson, A. Philip Randolph, 92—95; Foner, American Socialism and Black
Americans; Philip S. Foner, ed., '"Colored and Jewish Workers'—A Document by A.
Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen," Jewish Currents 21, no. 2 (February 1967),
4-7.
22. Research has not fully revealed the Jewish role in either Harlem or Chicago,
but in the former case, Finns and Jews were the two most important ethnic radicals
in the voting population; and in the second, Jewish communist organizers were a vital
element even when the Jewish workforce was small.
23. "Program of the African Blood Brotherhood," Communist Review (London),
April 1922, pp. 449-54; Mark Solomon, "Red and Black: Negroes and Commun-
ism, 1929-1932" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1972), 80-83; For more on the
ABB, see Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of An Afro-American
Communist (Chicago, 1978), 122—30; Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem During the
Depression (Urbana, 1983), 3, 5—8, 17—18; Theodore Vincent, Black Power and the
Garvey Movement (Berkeley, 1971), 74-85 and passim; Theodore Draper, American
Communism and Soviet Russia (New York, I960), 322-32; Foner, Organized Labor and
the Black Worker, 148—49; Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black,
Radical Tradition (London, 1983), 296—301; David Samuels, "Five Afro-Caribbean
Voices in American Culture, 1917—1929: Hubert H. Harrison, Wilfred A. Domingo,
Richard B. Moore, Cyril Briggs and Claude McKay" (Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa,
1977); Theman Taylor, "Cyril Briggs arid the African Blood Brotherhood: Effects of
Communism on Black Nationalism, 1919—1935" (Ph.D. diss., University of
California, Santa Barbara, 1981).
24. Workers (Communist) Party of America, Fourth National Convention of the
Workers (Communist) Party of America (Chicago, 1925), 121 and 122; Robert Hill, ed.,
The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol. 3 (Berkeley
and Los Angeles, 1984), 675—81; James Jackson [Lovett Fort-Whiteman}, "The
Negro in America," Communist International (February 1925), 52; Robert Minor,
"After Garvey—What?" Workers Monthly 5 (June 1926), 362-65.
25. The history of Comintern policy toward Blacks has been thoroughly documented
by several scholars and participants, though there are sharp disagreements
among them. For just a sampling of the primary and secondary literature, see Draper,
American Communism and Soviet Russia, 320—350 passim; Roger E. Kanet, "The
Comintern and the 'Negro Question': Communist Policy in the United States and
Africa, 1921-1941," Survey 19, no. 4 (Autumn 1973), 87-122; Haywood, Black
Bolshevik, 225; Robin D. G. Kelley, "'Afric's Sons with Banner Red': African