Jack Salzman, Cornel West Struggles in the Promised

Long-Distance Runners of the Civil Rights Movement \\ 147
University of Minnesota; the second comes from an untitled Detroit Urban League
pamphlet, with heading "Helpful Hints" on the inside page, Detroit Urban League
Papers, Box 18, Folder 12, Michigan Historical Collections of the University of
Michigan.
23. Diner, In the Almost Promised Land, p. 122; Charles Flint Kellogg, NAACP: A
History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, vol. I:
1909-1920 (Baltimore, 1967), pp. 297-301, 305-306 ("Call" quoted on p. 297).
The signers of the "Call" also included three non-Jews who played leading roles in the
Ethical Culture movement: John Lovejoy Elliott, Anna Garlin Spencer, and William
M. Salter. Radest, Toward Common Ground, p. 171.
24. Only four Jews have been positively identified among the members of the
NAACP board in the 1920s, only five in the 1930s. The lists of board members are
published in the annual reports of the organization.
25. B. Joyce Ross, J. E. Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP, 1911-'1939 (New
York, 1972), pp. 3—12; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race,
1868-1919 (New York, 1993), ch. 17; Langston Hughes, Fight for Freedom: The Story
of the NAACP (New York, 1962), p. 27.
26. Kellogg, NAACP, pp. 62-6.3; Spingarn quoted in Ross,_/. E. Spingarn, p. 20.
27. Ross,_/. E. Spingarn, passim; Kellogg, NAACP, passim.
28. W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race
Concept (New York, 1940; paperback ed., 1968), dedication and p. 255.
29. Mary White Ovington, The Walls Came Tumbling Down (New York, 1947), p.
109; Hughes, Fight for Freedom, p. 27; Roy Wilkins, "Jewish-Negro Relations: An
Evaluation," American Judaism, XII (Spring 1963), 4.
30. Diner, In the Almost Promised Land, p. 129; Elliott Rudwick and August
Meier, "The Rise of the Black Secretariat in the NAACP, 1909-35," in Meier and
Rudwick, Along the Color Line: Explorations in the Black Experience (Urbana, 1976), pp.
113—14 (source of the quotes).
31. Diner, In the Almost Promised Land, p. 129; August Meier and Elliott
Rudwick, "Attorneys Black and White: A Case Study of Race Relations within the
NAACP," in Meier and Rudwick, Along the Color Line, p. 1 32.
32. Oscar Handlin, "Introduction," in Charles Reznikoff, ed., Louis Marshall,
Champion of Liberty: Selected Papers and Addresses (Philadelphia, 1957), I, ix-xliii;
Dictionary of American Biography, XII (New York, 1933), 326—28.
3.3. "Tower of strength" was Spingarn's phrase; see Meier and Rudwick,
"Attorneys Black and White," p. 166, n. 55. The Marshall quote is from Louis
Marshall to Moorfield Storey, Nov. 30, 1923, in Reznikoff, ed., Louis Marshall,
Champion of liberty, I, 426.