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Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis

Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis

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Regulatory programs had successfully eradicated bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis from<br />

Australia and, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1990s, was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> accepted methodology for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> infectious<br />

disease generally, including Johne’s disease. In nor<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn regi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Australia, where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Johne’s disease is rare or absent, risk assessment and management is still undertaken at a<br />

populati<strong>on</strong> level and governments manage regulatory programs that include quarantine and<br />

depopulati<strong>on</strong> whenever <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> disease is identified. However, regulatory practices proved<br />

inadequate to c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both bovine and ovine Johne’s disease (called BJD and<br />

OJD respectively) in south-eastern Australia. In 2003, OJD was also detected in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

previously free z<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Western Australia.<br />

It was agreed that an alternative approach was needed to address some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

inequities that made producers reluctant to investigate suspect Johne’s disease in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir herds<br />

and flocks. A search for better risk assessment and management strategies redirected <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

Australian approach towards voluntary risk-based trading schemes. Over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past five years<br />

different flock or herd risk based trading schemes have been developed to assist producers<br />

or industries to manage <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> risk <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Johne’s disease. Each <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> industry schemes is<br />

complemented by nati<strong>on</strong>ally agreed written declarati<strong>on</strong>s that producers can use to declare<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> assurance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> animals being sold or moved. The declarati<strong>on</strong>s are known as<br />

“nati<strong>on</strong>al animal health statements” and are underpinned by state legislati<strong>on</strong> to ensure <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

integrity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> statements that are made by producers.<br />

The benefits <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> change from regulati<strong>on</strong> to an effective voluntary risk based<br />

approach include:<br />

� The need to involve all producers is recognised.<br />

� Producers’ fear <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> having infected herds or flocks is reduced.<br />

� Trading opti<strong>on</strong>s are provided, whilst <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> risk <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> and rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> disease spread should be<br />

reduced.<br />

� A fair, supportive envir<strong>on</strong>ment encourages cooperati<strong>on</strong>.<br />

� Tools are developed to help producers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> infected herds/flocks to trade.<br />

� Awareness and understanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Johne’s disease risk increases.<br />

� Low risk herds and flocks are promoted as sources <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> replacements.<br />

ASSURANCE BASED CREDIT (ABC) SCHEME FOR SHEEP<br />

The scheme was introduced in 2004, based <strong>on</strong> a quantitative OJD risk assessment model<br />

that was developed for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Australian wool industry. A sheep producer can claim credit points<br />

for his or her sheep under four categories up to 10 credits in total. The higher <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ABC<br />

score, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> greater is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> assurance that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sheep are unlikely to be infected with ovine<br />

Johne’s disease. The declarati<strong>on</strong> is made by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> owner in writing <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Sheep<br />

Health Statement.<br />

The four categories are:<br />

A. Area and flock <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> origin - The known Johne's disease status <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> flock or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

prevalence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> OJD (estimated from abattoir surveillance) in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> area in which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> flock<br />

is located.<br />

B. Ovine Johne’s Disease testing history, including flock tests for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sheep Market<br />

Assurance Program and inspecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sheep at abattoirs.<br />

C. Vaccinati<strong>on</strong> history <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sheep and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> flock.<br />

D. Risk Assessment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> particular c<strong>on</strong>signment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sheep by a veterinarian.<br />

NATIONAL DARIY BOVINE JOHNE’S DISEASE ASSURANCE SCORE<br />

The dairy industry’s Dairy Score aims to help dairy farmers assess <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> risk <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> bovine Johne’s<br />

disease (BJD) when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are buying or selling stock, or seeking to improve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Score <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

cattle within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir herd. It is not a quantitative risk assessment but ranks <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing<br />

regulatory and MAP herd statuses, based <strong>on</strong> scientific principles for bovine Johne’s disease<br />

management and provides clear pathways to progress. A herd can declare a base score<br />

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