Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis

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#205 Sensitivity <strong>of</strong> environmental sampling for paratuberculosis Weber MF 1 , van Maanen C 1 , von Bannisseht-Wijsmuller T 1 , Lam TJGM 1 1 GD Animal Health Service, Deventer, The Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands INTRODUCTION Environmental sampling (ES) has been recommended in <strong>the</strong> U.S. for classification <strong>of</strong> dairy herds as infected or not infected (Collins et al., 2006), based on studies in US dairy herds (Raizman et al., 2004; Lombard et al., 2005; Berghaus et al., 2006). However, <strong>the</strong> diagnostic test characteristics <strong>of</strong> ES in Dutch dairy herds were unknown. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to quantify <strong>the</strong> relative sensitivity <strong>of</strong> ES in comparison to <strong>the</strong> test-scheme <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> initial assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dutch Bulk Milk Quality Assurance Program (BMQAP), i.e. individual milk samples <strong>of</strong> all lactating cattle followed by confirmatory fecal culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 246 herds with � 1 milk-ELISA-positive cattle in <strong>the</strong> initial herd assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BMQAP, a pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> slurry pit and a pooled fecal sample from cow alleyways were collected. At <strong>the</strong> same point in time, individual fecal samples were collected from all ELISApositive cattle. All samples were cultured on modified Löwenstein-Jensen media (Kalis et al., 1999; Kalis et al., 2000). RESULTS In 216 (88%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 246 herds, �1 milk-ELISA-positive cattle were found to be individual fecal culture-positive. In <strong>the</strong> remaining 30 herds, all ELISA-positive cattle were individual fecal culture-negative. These 30 herds were excluded from our analyses because <strong>the</strong>y were considered test-negative in <strong>the</strong> initial assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> BMQAP. The pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> slurry pit was culture-positive in 199 (92%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 216 herds with �1 cattle being both ELISA- and fecal culture-positive. The pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> cow alleyways was culture positive in 189 (88%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 216 herds. In 205 (95%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 216 herds, at least one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se pooled samples was culture-positive. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> relative diagnostic sensitivity (exact 95% CI) <strong>of</strong> culture <strong>of</strong> a pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> slurry pit, a pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> cow alleyways, and parallel testing <strong>of</strong> a pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> slurry pit and a pooled sample from <strong>the</strong> cow alleyways was 92% (88%, 95%), 88% (82%, 92%) and 95% (91%, 97%), respectively. DISCUSSION ES was found to have a reasonably high relative sensitivity in comparison to <strong>the</strong> test-scheme <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> initial assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dutch BMQAP. However, if ES would have been used as a pre-screening prior to individual milk sampling, 5% to 12% <strong>of</strong> herds would have tested falsenegative. It is yet unknown whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> infection in <strong>the</strong>se herds could be detected by repeated environmental samplings. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> relative specificity <strong>of</strong> ES in ELISAnegative herds and <strong>the</strong> relative sensitivity <strong>of</strong> ES as compared to <strong>the</strong> test-regimen for surveillance <strong>of</strong> certified herds are yet unknown. Finally, in small to medium sized herds, <strong>the</strong> costs <strong>of</strong> ES exceed <strong>the</strong> costs <strong>of</strong> testing by milk-ELISA. We conclude that fur<strong>the</strong>r research is needed to solve <strong>the</strong>se issues. REFERENCES Berghaus RD, Farver TB, Anderson RJ, Jaravata CC, Gardner IA, 2006. Environmental sampling for detection <strong>of</strong> Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on large California dairies. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 963-970. Collins MT, Gardner IA, Garry FB, Roussel AJ, Wells SJ, 2006. Consensus recommendations on diagnostic testing for <strong>the</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> paratuberculosis in cattle in <strong>the</strong> United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 229, 1912-1919. 23
Kalis CHJ, Hesselink JW, Barkema HW, Collins MT, 2000. Culture <strong>of</strong> strategically pooled bovine fecal samples as a method to screen herds for paratuberculosis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest 12, 547-551. Kalis CHJ, Hesselink JW, Russchen EW, Barkema HW, Collins MT, Visser IJ, 1999. Factors influencing <strong>the</strong> isolation <strong>of</strong> Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest 11, 345-351. Lombard J, Smith R, Wagner B, McCluskey B, 2005. Evaluation <strong>of</strong> environmental sampling to determine distribution and herd infection status for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 218. Raizman EA, Wells SJ, Godden SM, Bey RF, Oakes MJ, Bentley DC, Olsen KE, 2004. The distribution <strong>of</strong> Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in <strong>the</strong> environment surrounding Minnesota dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 2959-2966. 24
Page 1 and 2: Book of Abstracts
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Page 6 and 7: Grant Support and Sponsorship <stro
Page 8 and 9: Scott Wells - Planning Committee Ch
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Page 20: Diagnostics and Genotyping Convenor
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Page 27 and 28: MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling For
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Page 33 and 34: Fig. 1. Dendogram (showing genetic
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#131 Seroprevalence of</str
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could be partly attributed to a sma
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#146 Analysis of v
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#162 Comparison of
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#187 Comparison of
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#191 Potentiating day-old blood sam
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samples from the s
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(MAA) (MAP87 and MAP3776) and 1 fro
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#196 Inter- and intra-subtype genot
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RESULTS In 601 (29%) of</st
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#211 Culture of my
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#242 Application and field validati
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#251 Diagnosis of
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Table 2. Paratuberculosis PCR resul
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#254 Programmes on Paratuberculosis
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Fig. 1. European countries specifyi
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A bulk milk quality assurance progr
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Republic of Lithua
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#276 Elimination of</strong
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other projects and
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Woodbine KA, Schukken YH, Green LE,
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Host Response and Immunology Keynot
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#33 MERKAL AWARD LECTURE No interfe
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#75 Interleukin 17 and interleukin
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#173 Local and systemic roles for b
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#23 Role of Mycoba
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Host Response and Immunology Poster
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#28 Intestinal MAP Infection via Pe
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#73 Age susceptibility of</
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#95 Role of nitric
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#134 Analysis of <
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#157 Study of <str
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#163 Immunohistochemical expression
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#193 Development of</strong
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#209 Murine macrophages carrying an
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#224 Application of</strong
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Table 1 UK and Cyprus MAP survey Re
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#228 Mycobacterium avium ssp. parat
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#145 MERKAL AWARD LECTURE Multinomi
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#50 Assessment of
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Table 1. Posterior median (CrIs) <s
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from their dam, se
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#88 Influence of b
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#104 Relation between faecal shedde
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Epidemiology Poster Abstracts 109 1
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#22 The Prevalence of</stro
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CONCLUSION IS1311-based nested Ma/M
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#42 Seroprevalence survey o
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#77 Characterisation of</st
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Environmental samples were collecte
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REFERENCES 1) Chiodini RJ, Van Krui
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#113 Effect of soi
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#136 Error-adjusted, variance parti
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Latium Region Viterbo districts RES
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#144 The suitability of</st
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#178 Age structure of</stro
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A statistically significant lower f
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#183 Sero-prevalence of</st
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#218 Johne’s disease in t
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#244 A survey to estimate t
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Control Programs Keynote Lecture Re
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#202 Milk quality assurance for par
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#141 Control of pa
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#198 Use of small
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Control Programs Poster Abstracts 1
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RESULTS Loss of al
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#40 Managing Bovine Johnes Disease
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#74 Economic analysis of</s
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#87 Evaluation of
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separately for each existing herd <
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#98 An inter-laboratory ring-trial
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#120 Paratuberculosis vaccine inter
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The statement provides: • A stand
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COMPLEMENTARY ASPECTS On-Farm Disea
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#168 Paratuberculosis in Iran: past
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#180 Behavioural change in owners <
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the fact that <str
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#182 An integrated risk based appro
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etween 0 to 10, depending on <stron
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#203 Milk quality assurance for par
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#234 Johne’s disease vaccine: a c
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Pathogenomics and MAP Biology Conve
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#45 Identification of</stro
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#117 Adsorption of
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#222 Atypical structural features <
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Pathogenomics and MAP Biology Persp
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#52 Is ‘Indian Bison Type’ Myco
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#118 Cloning, expression and purifi
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Abstract not available at press tim
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#177 Associations between CARD15 po
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Perspectives Talk: Public Health My
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A total of 206 qua
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Feller, M., K. Huwiler, R. Stephan,
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In 2008, the Ameri
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#115 Crohn’s disease and ruminant
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International John
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#76 Towards improved reporting stan
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#97 The EU ParaTBTools Project - Th
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#241 US Vaccine Initiative through
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Paratuberculosis ELISA Reliable, si
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