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Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis

Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis

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#115 Crohn’s disease and ruminant farming. Got lactase?<br />

Ram<strong>on</strong> A Juste<br />

NEIKER-Tecnalia, Spain<br />

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a well known chr<strong>on</strong>ic pathological c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> whose aetiology has remained unrecognized<br />

for nearly a century. Complex immune mechanisms in a specific genetic background causing an abnormal<br />

local inflammatory resp<strong>on</strong>se are thought to be directly resp<strong>on</strong>sible for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> clinical picture, but no external<br />

factor triggering such host resp<strong>on</strong>ses has been identified. Humans lose <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> breaking down milk<br />

lactose early in life and, afterwards, ingesti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> large amounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> lactose causes a transient digestive illness<br />

known as lactose intolerance. Since some populati<strong>on</strong>s have developed a lactose tolerance mutati<strong>on</strong>, we submit<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis that this adaptati<strong>on</strong> to dairy farming could be related to CD as a collateral effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> exposure<br />

to a intestinal inflammati<strong>on</strong>-causing ruminant parasite to an epidemiological analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> associati<strong>on</strong> throughout<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> world.<br />

Data from published sources regarding by country CD and type I diabetes incidence, lactose tolerance,<br />

livestock populati<strong>on</strong>, food producti<strong>on</strong>, Gross Nati<strong>on</strong>al Income and human populati<strong>on</strong> were submitted to<br />

correlati<strong>on</strong>, multiple regressi<strong>on</strong> and principal comp<strong>on</strong>ents analyses. Multiple regressi<strong>on</strong> was also applied<br />

to a published 20-year time series for CD incidence in Japan. These analyses showed a str<strong>on</strong>g associati<strong>on</strong><br />

between country incidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> CD and frequency <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> lactase persistence as well as o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r ruminant producti<strong>on</strong><br />

and c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong> variables that fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> those observati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />

The evoluti<strong>on</strong>arily plausible framework provided by this associati<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> species suffering a similar<br />

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its coincidence with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expanse <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Friesian cattle lineages, that could<br />

act as a Trojan horse, in additi<strong>on</strong> to recent microbiological, immunological and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rapeutical observati<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>sistent<br />

with a slow infecti<strong>on</strong> type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> pathogenesis, supports a mycobacterial aetiology <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> human IBD. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />

research challenging <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a shared aetiology by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />

human and ruminant IBD is needed for c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> or rejecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis.<br />

#247 Effective reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in raw milk<br />

by industrial centrifugati<strong>on</strong><br />

Jan L.W. Rademaker, Jos A. Meeuwisse, Jan D. Hoolwerf<br />

NIZO Food Research, The Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands<br />

Heat treatment is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most applied process to ensure <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> microbial quality and safety <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> milk and milk products.<br />

With <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> applicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> centrifugati<strong>on</strong> or bact<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ugati<strong>on</strong> an additi<strong>on</strong>al reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> microbes in milk<br />

can be realized. To determine its c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> milk, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mycobacterium avium subspecies<br />

paratuberculosis (MAP) in raw milk by centrifugati<strong>on</strong> prior to pasteurisati<strong>on</strong> was determined.<br />

In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EUParaTBtools project two rounds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted. The<br />

reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> raw milk c<strong>on</strong>taminated with MAP by centrifugati<strong>on</strong> was quantified. Raw bovine milk was artificially<br />

c<strong>on</strong>taminated with MAP by additi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> collecti<strong>on</strong> strains, ATCC 19851=NCTC8578 from a bovine clinical<br />

sample; strain Niebuell from bovine milk; strain NIZO2962 from bovine faeces. Additi<strong>on</strong>al MAP infected feces<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cows with clinical symptoms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Johne’s disease was used to c<strong>on</strong>taminate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> raw milk mimicking possible<br />

natural c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong>. MAP c<strong>on</strong>taminated raw milk was submitted to centrifugati<strong>on</strong>, using a pilot scale<br />

bact<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>uge mimicking industrial scale at different temperatures. Part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> samples was additi<strong>on</strong>ally submitted<br />

to pasteurizati<strong>on</strong> using different time-temperature combinati<strong>on</strong>s. MAP levels were m<strong>on</strong>itored by real time PCR<br />

and survival was determined by growth in MGIT media. Preliminary results indicate that an MAP reducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> at<br />

least 1 log is obtained by centrifugati<strong>on</strong>.<br />

281

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