The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Preface What’s In and What’s Not In This Book This is the third book on membranes that has been produced by the Water Sciences Group at Cranfield. Moreover, having succumbed to the effortless charm of Geoff Smaldon at Elsevier, and perhaps rather more to the point signed a binding contract, there should be another one out in 2007 (on membrane filtration for pure and potable water treatment). Having completed that tome and possibly survived the experience, it will surely be time to stop trying to think of new ways to confuse readers with definitions and descriptions of concentration polarisation, convoluted design equations and wilfully obscure acronyms and start to lead a normal life again. This book follows the first one dedicated to membrane bioreactors, Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment by Tom Stephenson, Simon Judd, Bruce Jefferson and Keith Brindle, which came out in 2000 (IWA Publishing). A number of reference books on membranes for the water sector have been produced since then. These include: Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry, Nunes & Peinemann (Wiley-VCH, 2001); Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recycling and Reuse, by Simon Judd and Bruce Jefferson (Elsevier, 2003), and, most recently, Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification by Rajinder Singh (Elsevier, 2006) and Membrane Systems for Wastewater Treatment (WEFPress, 2006). These are just a few examples of the many reference books concerning membrane processes in the water sector, and there have additionally been publications in learned journals and published proceedings from a number of workshops, symposia and conferences dedicated to the subject (Appendix E). Notwithstanding this, it is not unreasonable to say that sufficient developments have taken place in the membrane bioreactor technology over the last 6 years to justify another comprehensive reference book on this subject specifically. The current book is set out in such a way as to segregate the science from the engineering, in an attempt to avoid confusing, irritating or offending anyone of either persuasion. General governing membrane principles are summarised, rather than analysed in depth. Such subjects are dealt with far more comprehensively in reference books such as Kenneth Winston Ho and Kamalesh Sirkar’s excellent Membrane Handbook (van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992) or, for dense membrane processes,
x Preface Rautenbach and Albrecht’s classic Membrane Processes (Membrane Processes, John Wiley, 1990). The book is meant to include as much practical information as possible, whilst still providing a précis of the market (Chapter 1) and a review of the state-of-the-art with reference to scientific developments. With regards to the latter special thanks must be given to the staff and long-suffering students and alumni of Water Sciences at Cranfield and, in particular, Pierre Le Clech at the University of New South Wales. Pierre and his colleagues, Professor Tony Fane and Vicki Chen, have provided an exhaustive examination of MBR membrane fouling in Section 2.3. Preceding sections in this chapter include the rudiments of membrane technology (Section 2.1) and biotreatment (Section 2.2). Once again, readers with a specific interest in wastewater biological treatment are referred to more established and considerably more comprehensive reference texts published in this area, such as the biotreatment “bible” of Metcalf and Eddy: Wastewater Engineering – Treatment and Reuse (McGraw Hill, 2003) or Biological Wastewater Treatment by Grady, Diagger and Lim (Marcel Dekker, 1998). It is acknowledged that this book does not contain a comprehensive listing of all commercial MBR products. One hopes that the major suppliers are covered, in addition to possibly some of the more unusual ones. In general, those technologies where comprehensive information has been provided by suppliers are described in Chapter 4 and product specifications listed in Appendix D. Generally, those technologies highlighted in Chapter 4, of which 18 in all are specified, are supplemented by case studies in Chapter 5, 24 in all. Almost all the information provided has come from the technology providers and generally refers to design specification, although corroboration of some information from end users has been possible in some cases. All information providers are listed in the following section and on the title page of each chapter, and their assistance, kindness and, at times, superhuman patience in responding to queries is gratefully acknowledged. Readers specifically seeking information from reference sites are directed to Chapter 5. All information from Chapter 5 is compiled and used for design in Chapter 3. Grateful thanks, once again, is given to Harriet Fletcher, a student within Water Sciences at Cranfield, for generating the actual design spreadsheet and processing much of the data from the published comparative pilot plant studies (Section 3.2) and the full-scale case studies. Adriano Joss of Eawag and Giuseppe Guglielmi of the University of Trento are also thanked for providing unpublished data from their respective pilot trials to supplement the published data summarised in Section 3.2. Lynn Smith – our South-East Asian correspondent – is also warmly thanked. Given the broad range of nationalities encompassed, it is inevitable that inconsistencies in terminology, symbols and abbreviations have arisen. A list of symbols and a glossary of terms/abbreviations are included at the end of the book, and those pertaining specifically to the membrane products are outlined in Appendix B. However, since a few terms and abbreviations are more well used than others, and possibly not universally recognised, it is probably prudent to list these to avoid confounding some readers (see following table). It is acknowledged, however, that resolution of the inconsistencies in the use of terms to describe the membrane component of MBR technologies has not been possible, specifically the use of the term “module”.
Page 2 and 3: The MBR Book
Page 4 and 5: The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
Page 12 and 13: Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
Page 14 and 15: Contributors A number of individual
Page 16 and 17: Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
Page 18 and 19: Introduction With acknowledgements
Page 20 and 21: such as the filtration market, tech
Page 22 and 23: D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
Page 26 and 27: of non-point source pollution contr
Page 28 and 29: exploitation index (WEI), the value
Page 30 and 31: 1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
Page 32 and 33: Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
Page 34 and 35: 1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
Page 38 and 39: Fundamentals With acknowledgements
Page 40 and 41: they can be put, which then provide
Page 42 and 43: 3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
Page 48 and 49: only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
Page 50 and 51: P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
Page 52 and 53: Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
Page 54 and 55: neo-exponential increase at fluxes
Page 56 and 57: Screened raw sewage biologically ar
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342:
SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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