The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane
The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane
The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane
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(c) air channelling, the risk <strong>of</strong> which is likely to be a function <strong>of</strong> �;<br />
(d) hydraulic losses on the permeate side, leading to differential fouling (Section<br />
2.3.8.3) <strong>and</strong> which increase with decreasing i.d.<br />
It can be envisaged that there exists a range <strong>of</strong> optimum values <strong>of</strong> d (<strong>and</strong> corresponding<br />
i.d. values) <strong>and</strong> � at which, when coupled with the appropriate aeration rate<br />
Q A,m, clogging, air-channelling <strong>and</strong> permeate-side hydraulic losses are minimised.<br />
However, little research into the first two <strong>of</strong> these specific areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>MBR</strong> module design<br />
appears to have made its way into the open literature. Moreover, <strong>and</strong> as already stated<br />
(Section 2.3.10), research into clogging is difficult given its generally insidious<br />
nature. Given the challenges imposed, it is perhaps more apposite to review information<br />
provided from case studies <strong>and</strong> practical experience (Chapter 5) to shed light<br />
on the practical aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>MBR</strong> technology <strong>and</strong> membrane module design.<br />
References<br />
Commercial technologies 205<br />
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filtration activated sludge system. Water Sci. Techol., 46 (11–12), 71–76.<br />
Chang, I.S., G<strong>and</strong>er, M., Jefferson, B. <strong>and</strong> Judd, S. (2001) Low-cost membranes for<br />
use in a submerged <strong>MBR</strong>. Trans. IchemE., 79, Part B, May, 183–188.<br />
Chang, M.C., Tzou, W.Y., Chuang, S.H. <strong>and</strong> Chang, W.K. (2003) Application <strong>of</strong><br />
non-woven fabric material in membrane bioreactor processes for industrial wastewater<br />
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