The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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of non-point source pollution control and estuary protection projects. It has provided more than $4 billion annually in recent years to fund water quality protection projects for wastewater treatment, non-point source pollution control, and watershed and estuary management. In total, CWSRFs have funded over $52 billion, providing over 16 700 low-interest loans to date (USEPA, 2006c). Other sources of funding for US projects are Water Quality Co-operative Agreements and the Water Pollution Control Program, amongst others. As with regulation on water use and discharge, individual states may have their own funding arrangements (ADEQ, 2006; CEPA, 2006; GEFA, 2006). Again, the above examples are only a snapshot of what is available globally, as a full review is beyond the scope of this book. However, it is evident that governmental organisations are now offering incentives for investment in innovative water technology projects; as a result, MBR technology becomes more attractive in terms of affordability. Having said this, the choice of technology is not normally stipulated by legislators, regulators or incentive schemes but may be inferred by the performance or quality standards set. The benefits of MBRs from the perspective of recycling is (a) their ability to produce a reasonably consistent quality of delivered water independent of variations in feedwater quality; (b) their relative reliability and (c) their small footprint. 1.4.3 Investment costs Increasingly reliable and a greater choice of equipment, processes and expertise in membrane technology are available commercially for a range of applications, reducing unit costs by up to 30-fold since 1990 (DiGiano et al., 2004). Future cost reductions are expected to arise from continued technical improvements and the economies of scale derived from a growing demand for membrane production. Costs of both membranes (Fig. 1.4) and processes (Fig. 1.5) appear to have decreased exponentially over the past 10–15 years, with whole life costs decreasing from $400/m 2 in 1992 to below $50/m 2 in 2005 (Kennedy and Churchouse, 2005). Such reductions have come about as a result of improvements in process design, improved O&M schedules and greater membrane life than that originally estimated (Section 5.2.1.1). Having said this, although further cost reductions are expected in the future, there is some evidence that membrane purchase costs specifically are unlikely to decrease significantly unless standardisation takes place in the same way as for reverse osmosis (RO). For RO technology, standardisation of element dimensions has reduced the price of the membrane elements to below $30/m 2 for most products from bulk suppliers. 1.4.4 Water scarcity Introduction 9 Even without legislation, local water resourcing problems can provide sufficient motivation for recycling in their own right. Water scarcity can be assessed simply through the ratio of total freshwater abstraction to total resources, and can be used to indicate the availability of water and the pressure on water resources. Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. Areas with low rainfall and high
10 The MBR Book Cost ($/m 2 ) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 population density or those where agricultural or industrial activities are intense are particularly prone to water stress. Changing global weather patterns aggravate the situation, in particular for those countries which are prone to drought conditions. Water stress induces deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and quality (eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.). A widely used measure of water stress is the water Year Kubota Norit X-flow Figure 1.4 Microfiltration membrane replacement costs as a function of time, from information provided by Kubota and Norit X-Flow Relative cost/m 3 at 100 l/s 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1992 1994 1995 1996 1998 Year @ 8640 m3 /day Rent and rates Sludge disposal Screenings Membrane replacement Chemicals Maintenance Power Amortised capital Costs projected in Actual costs 1999 2000 2002 2004 2005 Figure 1.5 MBR process costs (Kubota) vs. time (Kennedy and Churchouse, 2005)
Page 2 and 3: The MBR Book
Page 4 and 5: The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
Page 10 and 11: Preface What’s In and What’s No
Page 12 and 13: Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
Page 14 and 15: Contributors A number of individual
Page 16 and 17: Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
Page 18 and 19: Introduction With acknowledgements
Page 20 and 21: such as the filtration market, tech
Page 22 and 23: D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
Page 28 and 29: exploitation index (WEI), the value
Page 30 and 31: 1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
Page 32 and 33: Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
Page 34 and 35: 1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
Page 38 and 39: Fundamentals With acknowledgements
Page 40 and 41: they can be put, which then provide
Page 42 and 43: 3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
Page 48 and 49: only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
Page 50 and 51: P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
Page 52 and 53: Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
Page 54 and 55: neo-exponential increase at fluxes
Page 56 and 57: Screened raw sewage biologically ar
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
Page 60 and 61: which affords the operator complete
Page 62 and 63: Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
Page 64 and 65: occurs from the surrounding air to
Page 66 and 67: (Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
Page 68 and 69: Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
Page 70 and 71: on discharged P levels have been im
Page 72 and 73: Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
Page 74 and 75: energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321:
Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 338 and 339:
I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342:
SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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