The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 191 membranes operating with airlift (Fig. 4.33b) combined with liquid pumping at much lower flow rates (Table 4.3). This product has been used by a number of process designers for proprietary MBR technologies, including Wehrle (Germany), Aquabio (UK) and Dynatec (US). Whilst the majority of Norit X-Flow-based MBR plant are used for industrial effluent applications, some examples exist of small-scale municipal and domestic applications where the inherently higher specific energy demand is less of an issue than the system robustness, simplicity and control. The airlift system is recommended at relatively low chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations and high flows (�1 g/L COD and �250 m 3 /h), whereas at high COD levels (�5 g/L) and low flows (�100 m 3 /h), the pumped system is recommended. This leaves a range of flows and COD levels for which either system may be suited; the overall COD loading rate over the entire range is normally between 100 and 1000 kgCOD/h. 4m 1m (a) (b) Figure 4.33 Norit X-Flow modules: (a) pumped and (b) airlift, with accompanying dimensions Table 4.3 Norit X-Flow sMBR quoted operational parameters Parameter Pumped Airlift MLSS (g/L) 12–30 8–12 TMP (bar) 1–5 0.05–0.3 Flux (LMH) 80–200 30–60 Permeability (LMH/bar) 40–80 90–500 Footprint (m 3 /h capacity m 2 projected area) a 10.8 c 7.5 b Footprint (m 2 membrane/m 2 projected area) a 108 131 Specific energy demand (kWh/m 3 ) 1.5–4 0.5–0.7 Processing More simple More complex Mode of operation Continuous Discontinuous a Based on a single skid, 1 m � 4m� 4 m high. b Based on 55 LMH. c Based on 100 LMH. 4m
192 The MBR Book Leachate Air TSS in g/L 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4.4.3 Wehrle Environmental 1.5 3 5.2 8 10.2 Tube diameter or channel width in mm Figure 4.34 Suspended solids level vs. tube diameter (Robinson, 2005) Denitrification Nitrification Ultrafiltration Figure 4.35 The Wehrle BIOMEMBRAT ® process Wehrle use off-the-shelf membranes for its MBR designs, including Norit X-Flow and Berghof. All the membranes used for sMBRs are MTs. Initially, 1� (25mmID) tubes were used, and these were subsequently replaced by 11.5 and 10.5 mm units. Since 2000, all the crossflow MBR plants have been designed and built using the standard 8� (200 mm diameter) � 3 m module incorporating 8 mm diameter tubes, since this tube diameter appears to be sufficient for moderate to high-MLSS bioreactor liquors (Fig. 4.34). The 8 mm tubular membrane design was originally conceived in co-operation between Stork Friesland (now part of Norit X-Flow) and Wehrle. The Wehrle BIOMEMBRAT ® process (Fig. 4.35) is an sMBR which can be combined with either an atmospheric or pressurised bioreactor depending on the process circumstances. The bioreactors can be operated at up to 25 g/L MLSS, which minimises 14.1 Excess sludge Treated leachate
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
Page 174 and 175: Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
Page 176 and 177: In short, the design calculation de
Page 178 and 179: complications arise when estimating
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
Page 182 and 183: 4.1 Introduction Available and deve
Page 184 and 185: Commercial technologies 167 suction
Page 186 and 187: synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
Page 188 and 189: (a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
Page 190 and 191: and is very robust. However, the la
Page 192 and 193: Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
Page 194 and 195: (a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
Page 196 and 197: Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
Page 198 and 199: Thus far, almost all of the install
Page 200 and 201: Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
Page 202 and 203: Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
Page 204 and 205: Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
Page 206 and 207: at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
Page 210 and 211: Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
Page 212 and 213: Denitrification Nitrification Waste
Page 214 and 215: modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
Page 216 and 217: (a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
Page 218 and 219: aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
Page 220 and 221: of the particularly large-diameter
Page 222 and 223: (c) air channelling, the risk of wh
Page 224 and 225: Case Studies With acknowledgements
Page 226 and 227: 5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
Page 228 and 229: Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
Page 230 and 231: Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
Page 232 and 233: Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
Page 234 and 235: Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
Page 236 and 237: Case studies 219 In this UNR config
Page 238 and 239: Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
Page 240 and 241: Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
Page 242 and 243: Case studies 225 to be treated to a
Page 244 and 245: Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
Page 246 and 247: Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
Page 248 and 249: Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
Page 250 and 251: Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
Page 252 and 253: Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
Page 254 and 255: Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
Page 256 and 257: Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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