The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua, H.C. and Arnot, T.C. (2004) In situ manipulation of critical flux in a submerged membrane bioreactor using variable aeration rates, and effects of membrane history. J. Membrane Sci., 242, 13–19. Huang, X., Gui, P. and Qian, Y. (2001) Effect of sludge retention time on microbial behaviour in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Proc. Biochem., 36, 1001–1006. Hwang, S.-J. and Lu, W.-J. (1997) Gas–liquid mass transfer in an internal loop airlift reactor with low density particles. Chem. Eng. Sci., 52, 853–857. Imasaka, T., Kanekuni, N., So, H. and Yoshino, H. (1989) Cross-flow of methane fermentation broth by ceramic membrane. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 68, 200. Iranpour, R., Magallanes, M., Zermeño, M., Varsh, V., Abrishamchi, A. and Stenstrom, M. (2000) Assessment of aeration basin performance efficiency: sampling methods and tank coverage. Water Res., 34(12), 3137–3152. Ishiguro, K., Imai, K. and Sawada, S. (1994) Effects of biological treatment conditions on permeate flux of uf membrane in a membrane/activated-sludge wastewater treatment system. Desalination, 98, 119–126. Itonaga, T., Kimura, K. and Watanabe, Y. (2004) Influence of suspension viscosity and colloidal particles on permeability of membrane used in membrane bioreactor (mbr). Water Sci. Technol., 50, 301–309. IUPAC (1985) Reporting physisorption data. Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 603. Jang, N.J., Yeo, Y.H., Hwang, M.H., Vigneswaran, S., Cho, J. and Kim, I.S. (2004) The effect of dissolved air on the filtration resistance in the hollow fiber membrane bioreactor, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Jang, N., Ren, X., Choi, K. and Kim, I.S. (2005a) Comparison of membrane biofouling in nitrification and denitrification for the membrane bio-reactor (mbr), Proceedings of IWA, Aspire, Singapore. Jang, N.J., Trussell, R.S., Merlo, R.P., Jenkins, D., Hermanowicz, S.W. and Kim, I.S. (2005b) Exocellular polymeric substances molecular weight distribution and filtration resistance as a function of food to microorganism ratio in the submerged membrane bioreactor, Proceedings of International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Jefferson, B., Brookes, A., Le Clech, P. and Judd, S.J. (2004) Methods for understanding organic fouling in mbrs. Water Sci. Technol., 49, 237–244. Ji, L. and Zhou, J. (2006) Influence of aeration on microbial polymers and membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. J. Membrane Sci., in press. Jiang, T., Kennedy, M.D., Guinzbourg, B.F., Vanrolleghem, P.A. and Schippers, J.C. (2005) Optimising the operation of a mbr pilot plant by quantitative analysis of the membrane fouling mechanism. Water Sci. Technol., 51, 19–25. Jin, B., Yu, Q., Yan, X.Q. and van Leeuwen, J.H. (2001) Characterization and improvement of oxygen transfer in pilot plant external air-lift bioreactor for mycelial biomass production. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 17, 265–272. Jinhua, P., Fukushi, K. and Yamamoto, K. (2004) Structure of microbial communities on membrane surface in a submerged membrane bioreactor, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Judd, S. (2005) Fouling control in submerged membrane bioreactors. Water Sci. Technol., 51(6–7), 27–34.
110 The MBR Book Judd, S. and Jefferson, B. (2003) Membranes for industrial wastewater recovery and re-use, Elsevier, Oxford. Judd, S.J., Le-Clech, P., Cui, Z. and Taha, T. (2001) Theoretical and experimental representation of a submerged MBR system, 3rd International Meeting on Membrane Bioreactors, 1–13, Cranfield University, May. Judd, S.J., Robinson, T., Alvarez-Vazquez, H., Holdner, J. and Jefferson, B. (2004) Impact of membrane material on membrane bioreactor permeability. Water Environ. – Membrane Technol., (WEMT 2004), Seoul, June 2004. Kang, I.J. (1996) Comparison of fouling characteristics between ceramic and polymeric membranes in membrane coupled anaerobic bioreactors, MS Thesis, Department of Chemical Technology, Seoul National University, Korea. Kang, I.J., Yoon, S.H. and Lee, C.H. (2002) Comparison of the filtration characteristics of organic and inorganic membranes in a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Res., 36, 1803. Kang, I.-J., Lee, C.-H. and Kim, K.-J. (2003) Characteristics of microfiltration membranes in a membrane coupled sequencing batch reactor system. Water Res., 37, 1192–1197. Kayawake, E., Narukami, Y. and Yamagata, M. (1991) Anaerobic digestion by a ceramic membrane enclosed reactor. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 71, 122. Kim, J. and DiGiano, F.A. (2004) The effects of hollow fiber length and aeration rate on filtration behavior in submerged microfiltration, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Kim, J.S. and Lee, C.H. (2003) Effect of powdered activated carbon on the performance of an aerobic membrane bioreactor: comparison between cross-flow and submerged membrane systems. Water Env. Res., 75, 300–307. Kim, J., Jang, M., Chio, H. and Kim, S. (2004) Characteristics of membrane and module affecting membrane fouling, Proceedings of Water Environment – Membrane Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Kimura, K., Nakamura, M. and Yoshimasa, W. (2002) Nitrate removal by a combination of elemental sulphur based denitrification and membrane filtration. Water Res., 36, 1758–1766. Kitamura, Y., Maekawa, T., Tagawa, A., Hayashi, H. and Farrell-Poe, K.L. (1996) Treatment of strong organic, nitrogenous wastewater by an anaerobic contact process incorporating ultrafiltration. Appl. Eng. Agric., 12, 709. Klein, J., Rosenberg, M., Markos, J., Dolgos, O., Kroslak, M. and Kristofikova, Lu (2002) Biotransformation of glucose to gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger–study of mass transfer in an airlift bioreactor. Biochem. Eng. J., 10, 197–205. Koide, K., Shibata, K., Ito, H., Kim, S.Y. and Ohtaguchi, K. (1992) Gas holdup and volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient in a gel-particle suspended bubble column with draught tube. J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 25, 11–16. Komaromy, P. and Sisak, C. (1994) Investigation of gas–liquid oxygen-transport 3-phase bioreactor. Hungarian J. Ind. Chem., 22, 147–151. Kouakou, E., Salmon, T., Toye, D., Marchot, P. and Crine, M. (2005) Gas–liquid mass transfer in a circulating jet-loop nitrifying MBR. Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, 6346–6353. Krampe, J. and Krauth, K. (2003) Oxygen transfer into activated sludge with high MLSS concentrations. Water Sci. Technol., 47, 297–303.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 80 and 81: iomass. There are also issues with
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
Page 86 and 87: Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
Page 124 and 125: Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
Page 138 and 139: Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
Page 168 and 169: Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
Page 174 and 175: Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321:
Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323:
Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325:
Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329:
Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331:
Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333:
Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335:
Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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