The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Nomenclature � Separation (m) � Temperature correction constant � Viscosity (Pa/s) � Resistance per cake depth (1/m) � Membrane geometry constant � Membrane packing density (m2 /m3 ) �m Maximum specific growth rate (g VSS/(g VSS/day)) �P Pressure drop (Pa) �Ph Hydrostatic pressure (kPa) �Pm Transmembrane pressure or TMP (bar) a Gas-liquid or water-air interface surface area per unit volume (1/m) Af Membrane filament area (m2 ) Am Membrane area (m2 ) At Cross-sectional area of tube (m) Ax Membrane open cross sectional area (m2 ) Ax,filament Membrane filament open cross sectional area, HF (m2 ) Ax,panel Membrane panel open cross sectional area, FS (m2 ) C Dissolved oxygen concentration (kg/m3 ) C* Saturated oxygen concentration (kg/m3 ) c c Cleaning reagent concentration (kg/m 3 ) d Diameter (m) E Process efficiency F Membrane replacement (years) f d Fraction of the biomass that remains as cell debris (g VSS/g BOD) g acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2 ) H Pump head (m of water) J Flux (LMH) J� Temperature pressure corrected flux (LMH) Jb Backflush flux (LMH) Jc Critical flux (LMH) Cleaning flux (chemically enhanced backflush (LMH)) JCIP (CEB) Jnet Net flux (LMH) K Permeability (LMH/bar) k Maximum specific substrate utilisation rate (1/d)
304 The MBR Book K� Temperature pressure corrected permeability (LMH/bar) ke Death coefficient or death rate constant (g VSS/(g VSS/day)) ke,n Death rate constant for nitrifying bacteria (g VSS/(g VSS/day)) kL Mass transfer coefficient (m/s) kLa Volumetric mass transfer coefficient (1/s) Kn Saturation coefficient for nitrogen (g/m3 ) Ks Saturation coefficient (g/m3 ) L Length of membrane fibre (m) mA Mass flow of air (kg/s) mA,b Mass flow of air for biological aeration (kg/day) mA,m Mass flow of air for membrane scour (kg/day) Mc Mass of chemical per unit permeate (kg/m3 ) mo Total oxygen required (g/day) n Number of physical cleans per chemical clean N Total nitrogen in the influent or TKN (g/m3 ) Ne Effluent nitrogen concentration (g/m3 ) NOx Concentration of NH4-N that is oxidised (g/m3 ) to form nitrate OTE Oxygen transfer efficiency OTR Oxygen transfer rate (kg O2/s) P Pressure (Pa, m or bar) PA,1 Inlet blower pressure as an absolute pressure (Pa) PA,2 Inlet blower pressure as an absolute pressure (Pa) Pmax A threshold pressure beyond which operation cannot be sustained (bar) Power b Air blower power demand (kW) Px Biomass sludge production (g/day), where Px,het is heterotrophic sludge production and Px,aut is the sludge production by autotrophic organisms Q Average feed flow rate (m3 /day) Q� A,m Temperature pressure corrected airflow to the membrane (m3 /day) QA,b Airflow to the biomass (m3 /day) QA,m Airflow to the membrane (m3 /day) Qdn Denitrification recycle flow rate (m3 /day) Qe Effluent flow rate (m3 /day) QP Permeate flow rate (m3 Qpeak /day) note QP � Qe Peak feed flow rate (m3 Qpump /h) Pumped flow rate (m3 QR /day) Retentate flow rate (m3 Qw /day) Sludge wastage rate (m3 /day) r Denitrification recycle ratio as a fraction of Q R Resistance (1/m) Ras Resistance of the activated sludge (1/m) Rb Biomass aeration per m3 permeate produced (m3 /m3 ) Rc Cake resistance (1/m) Rcol Hydraulic resistances for colloidal matter in the biomass (1/m) RM Membrane aeration per m2 membrane area (m3 /m2 /day) Rsol Hydraulic resistances for soluble matter in the biomass (1/m) Hydraulic resistances for suspended solids (1/m) R ss
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
Page 270 and 271: Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
Page 272 and 273: Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
Page 274 and 275: Case studies 257 The company had in
Page 276 and 277: Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
Page 278 and 279: Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
Page 280 and 281: Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
Page 282 and 283: Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.25 Basis for process design
Page 286 and 287: 5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
Page 288 and 289: two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291: Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
Page 292 and 293: or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295: Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
Page 296 and 297: Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299: Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
Page 300 and 301: L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303: Appendix D Membrane Products
Page 304 and 305: Table D.3 Membrane module details o
Page 306 and 307: Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
Page 308 and 309: Table D.5 Membrane module details o
Page 310 and 311: Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313: Conference title meet Dates Locatio
Page 314 and 315: Event Last held Location Website Fo
Page 316 and 317: Appendix F Selected Professional an
Page 318 and 319: Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 322 and 323: Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325: Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327: PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329: Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331: Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333: Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335: Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
Page 336 and 337: investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 338 and 339: I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
Page 340 and 341: Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342: SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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