The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most significant barrier to the more widespread installation of MBRs remains cost, there are a number of drivers which mitigate this factor. Foremost of these is increasingly stringent environmental legislation relating to freshwater conservation and pollution abatement which has driven technological development in the water sector over the last 30–40 years. This, along with various governmental, institutional and organisational incentives, has encouraged problem holders to appraise more sophisticated technologies such as MBRs in recent years. Moreover, both capital (and particularly membrane) and operational costs of the MBR process have decreased dramatically over the past 15 years, although further significant cost reductions may be unattainable unless membrane modules become standardised in the same way as has taken place for RO technologies. The technology itself is still regarded as being immature; although commercial products existed as long ago as the late 1960s, it is only since the introduction of the immersed configurations in the 1990s that significant market penetration has taken place. Although the market is still dominated by Zenon and Kubota there are now a wide range of products available for both industrial and municipal applications, with still more at the developmental stage. Confidence in the technology is growing as reference sites increase in number and maturity, and new opportunities are emerging as retrofitting of membranes into existing biotreatment processes becomes a viable option for increasing capacity or product water quality without detriment to footprint. As such, it is expected that MBR technology will continue to develop at a significant pace. References Introduction 17 All websites accessed January 2006. ADEQ (2006) www.azdeq.gov/environ/water/watershed/fin.html Bailey, J., Bemberis, I. and Presti, J. (1971) Phase I Final Report – Shipboard sewage treatment system, General Dynamics Electric Boat Division, November. 1971, NTIS. Bemberis, I., Hubbard, P.J. and Leonard, F.B. (1971) Membrane sewage treatment systems – potential for complete wastewater treatment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers Winter Meeting, 71-878, 1–28. Benham, B.L., Brannan, K.M., Yagow, G., Zeckoski, R.W., Dillana, T.A., Mostaghimi, S. and Wynn, J.W. (2005) Development of bacteria and benthic total maximum daily loads: a case study, Linville Creek, Virginia. J. Environ. Qual., 34, 1860–1872. Botha, G.R., Sanderson, R.D. and Buckley, C.A. (1992) Brief historical review of membrane development and membrane applications in wastewater treatment in Southern Africa. Wat. Sci. Technol., 25(10), 1–4. CEPA (2006) www.waterboards.ca.gov/funding/index.html#funding_programs Defra (2006a) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/quality/uwwtd/report02/ 02.htm Defra (2006b) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/topics/landfill-dir/index.htm Defra (2006c) www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/wfd/index.htm
18 The MBR Book DiGiano, F.A., Andreottola, G., Adham, S., Buckley, C., Cornel, P., Daigger, G.T., Fane, A.G., Galil, N., Jacangelo, J., Alfieri, P., Rittmann, B.E., Rozzi, A., Stephenson, T. and Ujang, Z. (2004) Safe water for everyone: membrane bioreactor technology. www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/june/membrane.htm ECRD (2006) http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/s15005.htm Frost and Sullivan (2003) MBR: A buoyant reaction in Europe, Report, June 2003, Frost and Sullivan. Frost and Sullivan (2004a) US advanced water treatment equipment markets, Report, June 2004, Frost & Sullivan. Frost and Sullivan (2004b) US and Canada membrane bioreactor markets, Report, June 2004, Frost and Sullivan. Frost and Sullivan (2004c) US desalination plant market, Report, January 2004, Frost and Sullivan. Frost and Sullivan (2005) European report: introduction and executive summary, Report, August 2005, Frost and Sullivan. GDNR (2006) www.ganet.org/gefa/water_and_sewer.html GEFA (2006) www.gefa.org/gefa/state_revolving.html Hanft, S. (2006) Membrane bioreactors in the changing world water market, Business Communications Company Inc. report C-240. Hardt, F.W., Clesceri, L.S., Nemerow, N.L. and Washington, D.R. (1970) Solids separation by ultrafiltration for concentrated activated sludge. J. Wat. Pollut. Con. Fed., 42, 2135–2148. HM Treasury (2006) www.hmtreasury.gov.uk./Consultations_and_Legislation/ consult_greentech/consult_greentech_index.cfm Kennedy, S. and Churchouse, S.J. (2005) Progress in membrane bioreactors: new advances, Proceedings of Water and Wastewater Europe Conference, Milan, June 2005. Maxwell, S. (2005) The state of the water industry 2005, a concise overview of trends and opportunities in the water business, The Environmental Benchmarker and Strategist Annual Water Issue. Met Office (2006) www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/pubs/brochures/ B1997/water.html Reid, E. (2006) Salinity shocking and fouling amelioration in membrane bioreactors, EngD Thesis, School of Water Sciences, Cranfield University. Smith, C.V., Gregorio, D.O. and Talcott, R.M. (1969) The use of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge separation, Proceedings of the 24th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, USA, 1300–1310. Sutton, P.M., Mishra, P.N., Bratby, J.R. and Enegess, D. (2002) Membrane bioreactor industrial and municipal wastewater application: long term operating experience, Proceedings of the 75th Water Environment Federation Annual Conference and Exposition, Chicago, IL,USA. Tonelli, F.A. and Behmann, H. (1996) Aerated membrane bioreactor process for treating recalcitrant compounds, US Pat. No. 410730. Tonelli, F.A. and Canning, R.P. (1993) Membrane bioreactor system for treating synthetic metal-working fluids and oil based products, USA Pat. No. 5204001. USEPA (2006a) www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/ppa.htm
Page 2 and 3: The MBR Book
Page 4 and 5: The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
Page 10 and 11: Preface What’s In and What’s No
Page 12 and 13: Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
Page 14 and 15: Contributors A number of individual
Page 16 and 17: Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
Page 18 and 19: Introduction With acknowledgements
Page 20 and 21: such as the filtration market, tech
Page 22 and 23: D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
Page 26 and 27: of non-point source pollution contr
Page 28 and 29: exploitation index (WEI), the value
Page 30 and 31: 1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
Page 32 and 33: Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
Page 38 and 39: Fundamentals With acknowledgements
Page 40 and 41: they can be put, which then provide
Page 42 and 43: 3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
Page 46 and 47: 2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
Page 48 and 49: only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
Page 50 and 51: P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
Page 52 and 53: Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
Page 54 and 55: neo-exponential increase at fluxes
Page 56 and 57: Screened raw sewage biologically ar
Page 58 and 59: Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
Page 60 and 61: which affords the operator complete
Page 62 and 63: Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
Page 64 and 65: occurs from the surrounding air to
Page 66 and 67: (Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
Page 68 and 69: Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
Page 70 and 71: on discharged P levels have been im
Page 72 and 73: Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
Page 74 and 75: energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
Page 80 and 81: iomass. There are also issues with
Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
Page 84 and 85:
Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
Page 142 and 143:
Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
Page 210 and 211:
Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
Page 216 and 217:
(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
Page 218 and 219:
aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
Page 220 and 221:
of the particularly large-diameter
Page 222 and 223:
(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
Page 224 and 225:
Case Studies With acknowledgements
Page 226 and 227:
5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
Page 232 and 233:
Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
Page 258 and 259:
Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
Page 260 and 261:
Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
Page 262 and 263:
TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 264 and 265:
10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
Page 266 and 267:
Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
Page 268 and 269:
Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
Page 272 and 273:
Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
Page 274 and 275:
Case studies 257 The company had in
Page 276 and 277:
Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
Page 278 and 279:
Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
Page 280 and 281:
Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
Page 282 and 283:
Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
Page 284 and 285:
Table 5.25 Basis for process design
Page 286 and 287:
5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
Page 288 and 289:
two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291:
Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295:
Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299:
Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303:
Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313:
Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
Page 316 and 317:
Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321:
Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323:
Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325:
Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327:
PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 328 and 329:
Glossary of Terms A number of key t
Page 330 and 331:
Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333:
Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335:
Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
Page 336 and 337:
investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 338 and 339:
I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
Page 340 and 341:
Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342:
SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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