Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzmayr, G. <strong>and</strong> Braun, R. (1997) Nitrate removal from drinking water using a membrane fixed bi<strong>of</strong>ilm reactor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 48, 267–274. Fuchs, W., Braun, R. <strong>and</strong> <strong>The</strong>iss, M. (2005) Influence <strong>of</strong> various wastewater parameters on the fouling capacity during membrane filtration, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> International Congress on <strong>Membrane</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>Membrane</strong> Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Fujie, K., Hu, H.-Y., Ikeda, Y. <strong>and</strong> Urano, K. (1992) Gas–liquid oxygen transfer characteristics in an aerobic submerged bi<strong>of</strong>ilter for the wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, 3745–3752. G<strong>and</strong>er, M.A., Jefferson, B. <strong>and</strong> Judd, S.J. (2000) <strong>Membrane</strong> bioreactors for use in small wastewater treatment plants: <strong>Membrane</strong> materials <strong>and</strong> effluent quality. Water Sci. Technol., 41, 205–211. Gao, M., Yang, M., Li, H., Wang, Y. <strong>and</strong> Pan, F. (2004a) Nitrification <strong>and</strong> sludge characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor on synthetic inorganic wastewater. Desalination, 170, 177–185. Gao, M., Yang, M., Li, H., Yang, Q. <strong>and</strong> Zhang, Y. (2004b) Comparison between a submerged membrane bioreactor <strong>and</strong> a conventional activated sludge system on treating ammonia-bearing inorganic wastewater. J. Biotechnol., 108, 265–269. Garcia-Ochoa, F., Castro, E.G. <strong>and</strong> Santos, V.E. (2000) Oxygen transfer <strong>and</strong> uptake rates during xanthan gum production. Enzyme Microbial. Technol., 27, 680–690. Germain, E. (2004). Biomass effects on <strong>Membrane</strong> Bioreactor operations, EngD <strong>The</strong>sis, Cranfield University. Ghosh, R. <strong>and</strong> Cui, Z.F. (1999) Mass transfer in gas-sparged ultrafiltration: upward slug flow in tubular membranes. J. <strong>Membrane</strong> Sci., 162, 91. Ghyoot, W.R. <strong>and</strong> Verstraete, W.H. (1997) Coupling membrane filtration to anaerobic primary sludge digestion. Environ. Technol., 18, 569. Ghyoot, W. <strong>and</strong> Verstraete, W. (2000) Reduced sludge production in a two-stage membrane-assisted bioreactor. Water Res., 34, 205–215. Gillot, S., Capela, S. <strong>and</strong> Heduit, M. (2000) Effect <strong>of</strong> horizontal flow on oxygen transfer in clean water <strong>and</strong> in clean water with surfactants. Water Res., 34, 678–683. Gorner, T., de Donato, P., Ameil, M.-H., Montarges-Pelletier, E. <strong>and</strong> Lartiges, B.S. (2003) Activated sludge exopolymers: Separation <strong>and</strong> identification using size exclusion chromatography <strong>and</strong> infrared micro-spectroscopy, Water Res., 37, 2388–2393. Grace, H.P. (1956) Resistance <strong>and</strong> compressibility <strong>of</strong> filter cakes. Chem. Eng. Prog., 49, 303–318. Grady, C.P.L., Daigger, G.T., <strong>and</strong> Lim, H.C. (1998). Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker Masoud, A., Sohrabi, M., Vahabzadeh, F., <strong>and</strong> Bonakdarpour, B. (2001). Hydrodynamic <strong>and</strong> mass transfer characterization <strong>of</strong> a down flow jet loop bioreactor, Biochem. Eng. J., 8(3), 241–250. Green, G. <strong>and</strong> Belfort, G. (1980) Fouling <strong>of</strong> ultrafiltration membranes: lateral migration <strong>and</strong> the particle trajectory model. Desalination, 35, 129–147. Grelier, P., Rosenberger, S. <strong>and</strong> Tazi-Pain, A. (2005) Influence <strong>of</strong> sludge retention time on membrane bioreactor hydraulic performance, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> International Congress on <strong>Membrane</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>Membrane</strong> Processes (ICOM), Seoul, Korea. Grethlein, H.E. (1978) Anaerobic digestion <strong>and</strong> membrane separation <strong>of</strong> domestic wastewater. J. WPCF, 754.
108 <strong>The</strong> <strong>MBR</strong> <strong>Book</strong> Gu, X.-S. (1993) Mathematical Models in Biological Wastewater Treatment. Tsinghua University press, Beijing. Günder, B. (2001) <strong>The</strong> <strong>Membrane</strong> Coupled-Activated Sludge Process in Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Technomic Publishing Company Inc., Lancaster. Gunder, B. <strong>and</strong> Krauth, K. (1998) Replacement <strong>of</strong> secondary clarification by membrane separation – results with plate <strong>and</strong> hollow fibre modules. Water Sci. Technol., 38, 383–393. Gunder, B. <strong>and</strong> Krauth, K. (1999) Replacement <strong>of</strong> secondary clarification by membrane separation-results with tubular, plate <strong>and</strong> hollow fibre modules. Water Sci. Technol., 40, 311–320. Guo, W.S., Vigneswaran, S. <strong>and</strong> Ngo, H.H. (2004) A rational approach in controlling membrane fouling problems: Pretreatments to a submerged hollow fiber membrane system, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> Water Environment – <strong>Membrane</strong> Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Hai, F.I., Yamamoto, K. <strong>and</strong> Fukushi, K. (2005) Different fouling modes <strong>of</strong> submerged hollow-fiber <strong>and</strong> FS membranes induced by high strength wastewater with concurrent bi<strong>of</strong>ouling. Desalination, 180, 89–97. Han, S.S., Bae, T.H., Jang, G.G. <strong>and</strong> Tak, T.M. (2005) Influence <strong>of</strong> sludge retention time on membrane fouling <strong>and</strong> bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Proc. Biochem., 40, 2393–2400. Haugen, K.S., Semmens, M.J. <strong>and</strong> Novak, P.J. (2002) A novel in situ technology for the treatment <strong>of</strong> nitrate contaminated groundwater. Water Res., 36, 3497–3506. He, Y., Li, C., Wu, Z. <strong>and</strong> Gu, G. (1999) Study on molecular weight cut-<strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> the anaerobic ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor. China Water Wastewater, 15, 10. He, Y., Xu, P., Li, C. <strong>and</strong> Zhang, B. (2005) High-concentration food wastewater treatment by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. Water Res., 39, 4110–4118. Hermanowicz, S.W. (2004) <strong>Membrane</strong> filtration <strong>of</strong> biological solids: a unified framework <strong>and</strong> its applications to membrane bioreactors, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> Water Environment – <strong>Membrane</strong> Technology Conference, Seoul, Korea. Hernández, A.E., Belalcazar, L.C., Rodriguez, M.S. <strong>and</strong> Giraldo, E. (2002) Retention <strong>of</strong> granular sludge at high hydraulic loading rates in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor with immersed filtration. Water Sci. Technol., 45 (10), 169. Hern<strong>and</strong>ez Rojas, M.E., Van Kaam, R., Schetrite, S. <strong>and</strong> Albasi, C. (2005) Role <strong>and</strong> variations <strong>of</strong> supernatant compounds in submerged membrane bioreactor fouling. Desalination, 179, 95–107. Ho, C.M., Tseng, S.K. <strong>and</strong> Chang, Y.J. (2001) Autotrophic denitrification via a novel membrane-attached bi<strong>of</strong>ilm reactor. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33, 201–205. Holbrook, R.D., Higgins, M.J., Murthy, S.N., Fonseca, A.D., Fleischer, E.J., Daigger, G.T., Grizzard, T.J., Love, N.G. <strong>and</strong> Novak, J.T. (2004) Effect <strong>of</strong> alum addition on the performance <strong>of</strong> submerged membranes for wastewater treatment. Water Env. Res., 76, 2699–2702. Hong, S.P., Bae, T.H., Tak, T.M., Hong, S. <strong>and</strong> R<strong>and</strong>all, A. (2002) Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 143, 219–228. Howell, J.A. (1995) Subcritical flux operation <strong>of</strong> micr<strong>of</strong>iltration. J. <strong>Membrane</strong> Sci., 107, 165–171.
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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- Page 76 and 77: Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
- Page 78 and 79: Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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- Page 82 and 83: Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
- Page 84 and 85: Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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- Page 88 and 89: 2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
- Page 90 and 91: Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
- Page 92 and 93: has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
- Page 94 and 95: Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
- Page 96 and 97: MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
- Page 98 and 99: Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
- Page 100 and 101: Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
- Page 102 and 103: (Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
- Page 104 and 105: Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
- Page 106 and 107: Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
- Page 108 and 109: Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
- Page 110 and 111: Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
- Page 112 and 113: Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
- Page 114 and 115: Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
- Page 116 and 117: and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
- Page 118 and 119: Lastly, the vast majority of all st
- Page 120 and 121: Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
- Page 122 and 123: Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
- Page 126 and 127: Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
- Page 128 and 129: Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
- Page 130 and 131: Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
- Page 132 and 133: Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
- Page 134 and 135: Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
- Page 136 and 137: Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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- Page 140 and 141: Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
- Page 142 and 143: Other contributions to pumping ener
- Page 144 and 145: where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
- Page 146 and 147: Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
- Page 148 and 149: Table 3.2 Biological operating para
- Page 150 and 151: Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
- Page 152 and 153: Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
- Page 154 and 155: Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
- Page 156 and 157: Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
- Page 158 and 159: Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
- Page 160 and 161: Figure 3.1 The planned location of
- Page 162 and 163: Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
- Page 164 and 165: Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
- Page 166 and 167: Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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- Page 170 and 171: Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
- Page 172 and 173: Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Inflow Buffer tank Filtration Denit
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Figure 5.45 The VHP MBR (a) (b) Cas
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Figure 5.47 The Eden Project MBR Ba
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Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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5.4.7 Other Orelis plant Case studi
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two membrane module configurations.
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Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
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or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
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Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
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Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
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Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
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L being the internal module length
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Appendix D Membrane Products
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Table D.3 Membrane module details o
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Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
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Table D.5 Membrane module details o
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Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
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Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Event Last held Location Website Fo
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Appendix F Selected Professional an
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Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
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Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
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Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
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Abbreviations The following lists k
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PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
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Glossary of Terms A number of key t
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Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
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Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
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Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
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investment 9 for membrane replaceme
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I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
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Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
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SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su