The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane

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Glossary of Terms A number of key terms used in the book are defined below. Proprietary names and processes are not included. Aerobic Conditions where oxygen acts as electron donor for biochemical reactions Allochthonous Of terrestrial origin Anaerobic Conditions where biochemical reactions take place in absence of oxygen Anisotropic Having symmetry only in one plane anMBR Anaerobic membrane bioreactor Annular flow Flow through an annulus (or gap created concentric cylinders) Anoxic Conditions where some species other than oxygen acts as the electron donor for biochemical reactions Anthropogenic Of human origin or derived from human activity Autochthonous Of microbial origin Autotrophic Using carbon dioxide as sole carbon source for growth and development Backflushing Reversing flow through a membrane to remove foulants Biofilm Film or layer of biological material Biological Process whereby dissolved organic chemical constituents are treatment (or biotreatment) removed through biodegradation Biomass Viable (living) micro-organisms used to achieve removal of organics through biotreatment Bubble flow Air/liquid two-phase flow where the liquid is the continuum Cake Solid material formed on the membrane during operation Cassette See Appendix D Churn flow Air/liquid two-phase flow at high air/liquid ratio
312 The MBR Book Clogging/ sludging The accumulation of solids within the membrane channels Concentration Tendency of solute to accumulate at membrane: Solution polarisation (CP) interface within concentration boundary layer, or liquid film, during crossflow operation Conditioning fouling First stage of membrane fouling through adsorption of material Critical flux Flux below which permeability decline is considered negligible Critical suction pressure Threshold pressure arising during sub-critical flux fouling Crossflow Retentate flow parallel to the membrane surface Cyclic aeration Aeration on n s on/n s off basis, where n is normally between 5 and 30 s Dalton (Da) Molecular mass relative to that of a hydrogen atom Dead-end or full-flow Flow where all of the feed is converted to permeate Death coefficient A biokinetic parameter Denitrification Biochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas Dense membrane Membrane of high selectivity attained by specific physicochemical interactions between solute and membrane Electrodialysis Membrane separation process by which ions are removed via ion-exchange membranes under the influence of an electromotive force (voltage) Electron donor Species capable of donating an electron to a suitable acceptor, and is oxidised as a result Element (membrane) See Appendix D EMBR Extractive MBR: MBR configured so that priority pollutants are selectively extracted into the bioreactor via the membrane Endogenous Developing or originating within, or part of, a micro-organism metabolism or cell Exogenous Originating outside the micro-organism or cell F:M (ratio) Food-to-micro-organism (ratio): Rate at which substrate is fed to the biomass compared to the mass of biomass solids Filament Single hollow fibre or capillary tube Filamentous Parameter indicating relative presence of filamentous index bacteria in sludge Fixed film Process configured with the biofilm attached to a solid process medium (which may be a membrane)
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The MBR Book
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The MBR Book: Principles and Applic
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Contents Preface ix Contributors xi
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Contents vii 4.2.5 The Industrial T
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Preface What’s In and What’s No
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Term Meaning Common units MLD Megal
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Contributors A number of individual
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Contributor(s) Association/Organisa
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Introduction With acknowledgements
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such as the filtration market, tech
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D R IVE R S R EST R AI N TS Bathing
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Introduction 7 Much of the legislat
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of non-point source pollution contr
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exploitation index (WEI), the value
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1 500 000 1 250 000 1 000 000 750 0
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Alternative immersed FS and HF memb
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1.6 Conclusions Whilst the most sig
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Introduction 19 USEPA (2006b) www.e
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Fundamentals With acknowledgements
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they can be put, which then provide
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3µm (a) (b) membrane is chemically
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Table 2.2 Membrane configurations C
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2.1.4 Membrane process operation 2.
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only pseudo-steady-state (or stabil
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P max P dP/dt backwash cycle t b Ba
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Fundamentals 35 2.1.4.6 Critical fl
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neo-exponential increase at fluxes
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Screened raw sewage biologically ar
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Table 2.4 Microbial metabolism type
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which affords the operator complete
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Cumulative %ile undersize 1 0.8 0.6
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occurs from the surrounding air to
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(Madoni et al., 1993). The inter-re
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Viscosity (mPa s) 100 10 1 Viscosit
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on discharged P levels have been im
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Membrane process mode Diffusion Ext
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energy demand in kWh/m 3 permeate p
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Table 2.5 System facets of denitrif
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Fundamentals 61 Moreover, the poten
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iomass. There are also issues with
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Table 2.6 Effect of pore size on MB
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Fundamentals 67 fouling to be influ
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Fundamentals 69 fouling (i.e. membr
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2.3.6 Feed and biomass characterist
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Fouling relative distribution (%) 1
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has been proposed by Cho and co-wor
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Fundamentals 77 in the influent. Ab
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MLSS sample Centrifugation 5 min 50
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Table 2.11 Concentration of SMP com
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Fundamentals 83 correlation of MBR
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(Cui et al., 2003) by inducing liqu
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Fundamentals 87 air cannot be used
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Table 2.12 Dynamic effects Determin
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Fundamentals 91 Table 2.13 Sub-crit
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Fundamentals 93 sludge (Cho and Fan
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Fundamentals 95 2.3.9.2 Employing a
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Fundamentals 97 Whilst ultrasonic c
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and immersed hybrid PAC-MBR (Kim an
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Lastly, the vast majority of all st
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Fundamentals 103 Brookes, A., Judd,
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Fundamentals 105 Côté, P., Buisso
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Fundamentals 107 Fuchs, W., Schatzm
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Fundamentals 109 Howell, J.A., Chua
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Fundamentals 111 Krauth, K. and Sta
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Fundamentals 113 Liu, R., Huang, X.
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Fundamentals 115 Nielson, P.H. and
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Fundamentals 117 Sato, T. and Ishii
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Fundamentals 119 Van Lier, J.B. (19
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Fundamentals 121 Zhang, Y., Bu, D.,
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Design With acknowledgements to: Ch
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Other contributions to pumping ener
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where J c is the cleaning flux. Fro
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Table 3.1 Main features of aeration
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Table 3.2 Biological operating para
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Table 3.3 Physical operating parame
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Table 3.4 Comparative pilot plant t
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Table 3.7 O&M data Design 137 Kubot
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Table 3.8 Feedwater quality, PLWTP
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Table 3.11 Cleaning protocols for t
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Figure 3.1 The planned location of
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Table 3.14 O&M data, Pietramurata W
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Design 147 Table 3.17 Design inform
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Maintenance CIP was conducted throu
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Permeability, LMH/bar 800 700 600 5
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Table 3.22 Summary of pilot plant p
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Table 3.25 Feedwater specification
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Table 3.34 Aeration design Paramete
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In short, the design calculation de
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complications arise when estimating
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Chapter 4 Commercial Technologies W
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4.1 Introduction Available and deve
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Commercial technologies 167 suction
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synonymous with R V Equation (3.13)
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(a) (b) Figure 4.8 The Huber VRM ®
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and is very robust. However, the la
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Commercial technologies 175 (a) (b)
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(a) (b) (c) Commercial technologies
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Other equipment 1.11% Process air b
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Thus far, almost all of the install
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Figure 4.22 A rack of Memcor B10R m
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Tensile elongation retention (%) 10
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Figure 4.28 Pilot plant at Mooka Co
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at 10 000-12 000 mg/L. The membrane
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4m 4m 1m Commercial technologies 19
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Figure 4.36 Ejector aerator Commerc
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Denitrification Nitrification Waste
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modules, with pore sizes ranging fr
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(a) (b) Figure 4.46 (a) Han-S Envir
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aerobic counterpart. This may be pa
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of the particularly large-diameter
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(c) air channelling, the risk of wh
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Case Studies With acknowledgements
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5.1 Introduction Membrane Bioreacto
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Case studies 211 Table 5.1 Comparis
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Case studies 213 0.6 m 3 per unit.
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Case studies 215 area of 15 840 m 2
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Aeration tank 1 FBDA FBDA 32 x J200
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Case studies 219 In this UNR config
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Table 5.6 Design criteria, Running
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Works inlet Inlet works Storm tank
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Case studies 225 to be treated to a
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Case studies 227 membranes, assembl
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Figure 5.16 A Naston package plant
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Air Influent DN N M Figure 5.18 The
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Table 5.9 Toray membrane-based MBR
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Figure 5.23 Aeration tank and cover
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Figure 5.24 The original plant at B
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Main permeate header Permeate pump
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Case studies 241 flow. Sludge waste
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Table 5.15 Water quality data, Unif
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TMP (Kpa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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10 LMH; the plant operated at fluxe
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Table 5.17 Feed and treated water q
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Table 5.18 Water quality, Sobelgra
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Figure 5.37 Airlift municipal WWTP,
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Case studies 255 has been 20 g/L, b
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Case studies 257 The company had in
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Filtrate (ml) 25 20 15 10 5 IIndust
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Page 284 and 285: Table 5.25 Basis for process design
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Page 288 and 289: two membrane module configurations.
Page 290 and 291: Appendix A Blower Power Consumption
Page 292 and 293: or or (A.4) where � is the ratio
Page 294 and 295: Appendix B MBR Biotreatment Base Pa
Page 296 and 297: Y 0.61 g VSS/g COD Fan et al. (1996
Page 298 and 299: Appendix C Hollow Fibre Module Para
Page 300 and 301: L being the internal module length
Page 302 and 303: Appendix D Membrane Products
Page 304 and 305: Table D.3 Membrane module details o
Page 306 and 307: Table D.4 (continued) Supplier Asah
Page 308 and 309: Table D.5 Membrane module details o
Page 310 and 311: Appendix E Major Recent MBR and Was
Page 312 and 313: Conference title meet Dates Locatio
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Page 316 and 317: Appendix F Selected Professional an
Page 318 and 319: Japan Water Works Association (JWWA
Page 320 and 321: Nomenclature � Separation (m) �
Page 322 and 323: Nomenclature 305 Rsup Hydraulic res
Page 324 and 325: Abbreviations The following lists k
Page 326 and 327: PES Polyethylsulphone PP Polypropyl
Page 330 and 331: Floc Aggregated solid (biomass) par
Page 332 and 333: Glossary of terms 315 Relaxation Ce
Page 334 and 335: Index A � factor 47, 49-50 and vi
Page 336 and 337: investment 9 for membrane replaceme
Page 338 and 339: I Iberia 2 immersed biomass-rejecti
Page 340 and 341: Nordkanal wastewater treatment work
Page 342: SUR unit 180 surface porosity 30 Su
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